No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

A novel technique comprising solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography has been developed to analyse the three methylamines (monomethylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine) at the concentrations expected in seawater. The volatility of the methylamines was exploited and allowed the headspace pre-concentration and gas chromatographic separation of the analytes. This method achieved limits of detection of 0.43 nmol dm-3, 2.50 nmol dm-3 and 0.37 nmol dm-3 for monomethylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively, which are lower than any previously reported for seawater. This technique was applied to natural samples collected from the Western English Channel (WEC) and the methylamines were successfully quantified. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used to analyse glycine betaine in marine particulates. The volume filtered during sample collection was found to be critical in achieving accurate measurements of glycine betaine. Large filter volumes (1 L) significantly decreased observed concentrations compared to smaller volumes, and 10 mL was the optimised amount filtered. The difference in concentrations was attributed to large water volumes causing cell damage and loss of glycine betaine to the dissolved phase. Cell resilience was thought to play a role in the differences observed; for example, diatoms with their rigid silica cell walls were hypothesised to be more resilient to filtration stress. A seasonal study was carried out in the WEC using both 1 L and 10 mL samples and maximum glycine betaine concentrations were 50 nmol dm-3 and 484 nmol dm-3 in the 1 L and 10 mL samples, respectively. The latter concentrations were more than an order of magnitude higher than all previous measurements. Seasonality was observed and a significant correlation was found with chlorophyll a. Statistics were applied to the phytoplankton biomass data and contributions from specific phytoplankton taxa were identified, including from Prorocentrum minimum and Chaetoceros socialis.

Acid Sulphate Soils (ASS) often cause acidic pollution in canal water, which negatively impacts on water quality, biodiversity and the livelihood of farmers and fishermen, especially the landless poor. The problem is particularly acute in the coastal zones, where people already suffer from the consequences of salinity intrusion. Reducing acidic pollution is important for improving agricultural and aqua-cultural production and also the living conditions of people living in coastal zones with ASS. This study aims at developing an analytical tool that can simulate the propagation of acidic pollution and that would allow planers and managers to develop water management options and other resource management measures to reduce acidic pollution in the canal network of a coastal zone. / This study utilizes a systems approach, with a series of field, laboratory studies, in combination with statistical and GIS-based analyses and simulation modelling. Field and laboratory studies were carried out during 2001 - 2006 in Ca Mau peninsula, Mekong Delta, Vietnam, to fill in knowledge gaps on the source and amount of acidic loads from soil to the water surroundings, their interaction with saline water and their propagation in the canal network. Knowledge generated from this study was used in developing and validating a model to simulate the propagation of acidity in the tidal canal network with brackish water. / Measured data showed that the acidic pollution in the canal network varies seasonally. The pH of the canal water was lowest (3 – 4.5) at the beginning of the rainy season and highest (7 – 7.5) at the end of the rainy season and during the dry season. The reduced dredging activities in year 2005 and 2006 may explain why the acidic pollution decreased in 2005 – 2006 compared with 2001 –2004. The most serious acidic pollution occurs when the two following conditions are present simultaneously: (i) The existence of newly dredged canals (and hence the deposition of the excavated spoils on the canal embankment) in areas with ASS (especially with a severe ASS); and (ii) little or a lack of water exchange from tidal flows. Field experiments showed that ASS embankments within 2-3 years after dredging represent a high acidity hazard because they can release into the canal a total acidity, mainly from runoff and seepage water, of up to 2.7 mol H+day-1 per meter length of canal embankment. Functional relationships were established allowing quantification of the daily acid load transferred from fields and canal embankments to the canal network. / A laboratory titration experiment showed that saline water could buffer the effects of acidic pollution in the canal water. A new ACIDITY module was developed and was coupled to an existing hydraulics and salinity model (the Vietnam River Systems And Plains - VRSAP). The model was calibrated with measured data from 2003 and validated with data from 2005. The Model is the first of its kind able to simulate the temporal and spatial dynamics of changes of pH (as an indicator of acidity) at a regional scale, together with salinity and water flow characteristics in a tidal canal network with brackish water. The Model can be used to investigate the effects of different scenarios of water and other resource management options on the extent of acidic pollution in a coastal area. Analysis of simulation runs for various scenarios indicate that opening the two main sluices along the East Sea at high tide in one day every week in May and June for saline water intake, combined with widening the canals that connect these sluices to the West Sea can eliminate the acidity problem in the study area. Large scale dredging of canals of ASS in fresh water zone should be avoided as it can create severe acidic pollution of the canal water.

This study analyses the spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll-a in Chesapeake Bay; assesses the performance of Ocean Color 3M (OC3M) algorithm; and develops a novel algorithm to estimate chlorophyll-a for coastal shallow water. The OC3M algorithm yields an accurate estimate of chlorophyll-a concentration for deep ocean water (RMSE=0.016), but it failed to perform well in the coastal water system (RMSE=23.17) of Chesapeake Bay. A novel algorithm was developed which utilizes green and red bands of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. The novel algorithm derived the chlorophyll-a concentration more accurately in Chesapeake Bay (RMSE=4.20) than the OC3M algorithm. The study indicated that the algorithm that uses red bands could improve the satellite estimation of chlorophyll-a in the coastal water system by reducing the noise associated with bottom reflectance and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM)

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2008. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-20T19:00:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo da influência dos fatores climáticos e hidrológicos no ciclo morfodinâmico praial de um sangradouro intermitente, Praia do Cassino, Brasil..pdf: 3556854 bytes, checksum: 026ab90e4875dac2d9a2305985f758b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-08T22:43:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo da influência dos fatores climáticos e hidrológicos no ciclo morfodinâmico praial de um sangradouro intermitente, Praia do Cassino, Brasil..pdf: 3556854 bytes, checksum: 026ab90e4875dac2d9a2305985f758b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-08T22:43:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estudo da influência dos fatores climáticos e hidrológicos no ciclo morfodinâmico praial de um sangradouro intermitente, Praia do Cassino, Brasil..pdf: 3556854 bytes, checksum: 026ab90e4875dac2d9a2305985f758b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Os sangradouros são cursos d’água fundamentais para a drenagem da água acumulada na região de pós-dunas, abastecem a zona de espraiamento com sedimentos arenosos e são os maiores causadores de descontinuidades no cordão de dunas frontais ao longo da costa do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste trabalho foi eleito como objeto de estudo um sangradouro considerando principalmente aspectos logísticos. O elemento escolhido localiza-se na Praia da Querência, onze quilômetros ao sul da desembocadura da Lagoa dos Patos. Este trabalho consiste na determinação e quantificação dos processos associados ao ciclo morfodinâmico evolutivo, estudando o mecanismo responsável pela sua abertura e fechamento. A metodologia empregada envolveu a elaboração de poços de monitoramento e a instalação dos mesmos na área de estudo, medições de níveis do lençol freático, levantamentos topográficos periódicos, amostragem sedimentar de superfície e análise de dados meteorológicos. Os resultados obtidos consubstanciam a idéia original de que o processo evolutivo do sangradouro é controlado pelo balanço entre as precipitações pluviométricas e as taxas de evaporação. Medições efetuadas nos poços de monitoramento sugerem que os níveis do lençol freático na área de impacto do sangradouro variam principalmente de acordo com intensidade do fluxo em direção à costa, sendo que o lençol freático mostrou-se mais profundo quando o sangradouro esteve aberto e sofreu uma elevação de 30 a 40 centímetros quando a calha do sangradouro foi fechada por processos costeiros.Notou-se que lençol freático no campo de dunas apresenta comportamento mais estável do quena região da berma. Percebeu-se também a ocorrência de dois ciclos distintos no processo evolutivo, um de longo prazo associado à destruição do campo de dunas frontais e outro de curto prazo ligado ao surgimento e destruição de uma barra arenosa secundaria, localizada na berma, que tem como origem a interação entre os processos na zona de surfe e os processos hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos da região do pós-dunas. Apesar da ocorrência de transporte de sedimentos por arraste e em suspensão pela corrente na calha do sangradouro, parece não ser este o principal processo erosivo e sim as ações ligadas aos fenômenos ocorrentes na zona de surfe. / The washouts are water courses important for draining the accumulated water from backshore and supply the swash zone with sand transport, it’s responsible too by local destruction of dunes field along the southern coast of Brazil. For that work was chosen a washout considering his geographical localization and our disposal logistical facilities. In that case was chosen a washout located in the Querência beach, which is situated 11 km toward south from Patos Lagoon mouth. This work consists in determination and quantification of processes associated to the morphodynamic evolution cycle this water body, studying the mechanism which causes the opening and closing of washout. The methodology consists in building and installation of monitoring wells in the study area, measurements ofwater table level, periodic topographic surveys, surface sediment sampling and analysis of meteorological data. The obtained results suggest that evolutionary process of washout is controlled by the balance between rain and evaporation rates. The wellsmeasurement suggests that water table level changes with the intensity of underground flowtoward the swash zone. When the washout opens the water table down but when washout closes by coastal processes the level up to 40 cm. It was observed that water table under the dunes field show most stability than under the berm. It was observed also occurrence of two different cycles in washout evolutionary process, one of long-term associated to destruction of local dunes field and other of short-term controlled by formation and destruction of a sand bar, placed over berm zone, which is originated by the interaction between processes in the surf zone versus hydrological and hydrogeological processes in the backshore zone. Despite occurrence of sediment transport into the channel of washout, it doesn’t seem to be the main erosive process, the principal erosion seems to be strongly related to the phenomena which occur into the surf zone.