The Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems have been built in many metropolitans to solve the public transportation problem such as traffic congestion. With such high investment cost, it is important to design a proper operation strategy to reduce the operational cost which achieving the system performance. With less ridership as compared to Taipei MRT system, the minimization of social cost which consists of energy consumption and the traveling time to complete the journey, has been investigated for Kaohsiung MRT (KMRT) system. By this way, the optimal coasting speed between train stations is solved according to the ridership and distance between the stations. The artificial neural network (ANN) has proposed in this thesis to determine the optimal coasting speed of the train set. The energy consumption and the traveling time to complete the journey between stations with various riderships are calculated by exactly the train performance simulation to generate the training data set. The objective function is defined by considering the energy consumption and the traveling time cost of passengers. By performing the ANN training, the ANN model is therefore obtained, which can be used to solve the optimal coasting speed of train sets. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ANN model, the forecasting of annual ridership for both Orange Line and Red Line of KMRT system is used. The optimal coasting speed and the corresponding profile of power consumption have been solved to minimize the social cost of MRT systems operation.

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Em um mercado altamente competitivo, como o automobilístico, as empresas dependem de competir com seus concorrentes nas mesmas condições para manterem-se no mercado. Obter incentivos fiscais é uma questão de sobrevivência, pois para manter os preços dos seus produtos competitivos, é obrigatório obter o mesmo nível de incentivos dos concorrentes. Para a obtenção de incentivos, uns dos requisitos considerados pelas legislações é a eficiência energética e consumo de combustível. Dentre as tecnologias a serem empregadas nos veículos com o objetivo de reduzir o consumo de combustível estão as tecnologias ditas como fora de ciclo. Estas quando avaliadas somente com os ciclos padrões de rodagem atualmente utilizados, não apresentam ganhos compatíveis com os verificados em rodagens realizadas por clientes. Para demonstrar o potencial destas tecnologias, foram realizados estudos sobre os trajetos mensurados pela Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego de São Paulo em termos de volumes, velocidades e altimetria, e foram elencadas rotas que representassem condições de tráfego no município de São Paulo, comuns a grandes cidades brasileiras. Após a escolha das rotas a serem estudadas, foram realizadas rodagens com veículo instrumentado e registradas as informações de consumo de combustível, velocidades, acelerações, regimes do motor entre outras, com e sem a aplicação da tecnologia fora de ciclo. Neste estudo foi utilizada a tecnologia Coasting. Para analisar as variações de consumo de combustível observadas de modo a extrair delas o efeito da tecnologia Coasting, foram utilizadas duas abordagens: comparação dos resultados do consumo total nos trajetos completos como função da velocidade média; e análise do consumo instantâneo em trechos específicos de uma mesma rota com acionamento ou não da tecnologia. Os resultados são comparados com aqueles obtidos em programas de quantificação desenvolvidos na Europa. / In a highly competitive market like the automotive, companies depend on competing with their competitors in the same conditions to stay in the market. Getting tax incentives is a matter of survival because to keep the prices of your products competitive, it is mandatory to get the same level of incentives from competitors. To obtain incentives, one of the requirements considered by the legislations is energy efficiency and fuel consumption. Among the technologies to be used in vehicles with the aim of reducing fuel consumption are the so-called off-cycle technologies. When evaluated only with the standard running cycles currently in use, the obtained values are not compatible with those recorded at customer-driven runs. To demonstrate the potential of these technologies, studies were carried out on routes measured by the Traffic Engineering Company of São Paulo in terms of volumes, speeds and altimetry, and some routes were identified that represent traffic conditions in São Paulo municipality and that are common in large Brazilian cities. After the election of the routes to be studied, vehicleinstrumented taxiing was carried out and information on fuel consumption, speeds, accelerations, engine regimes and others were recorded, with and without the application of off-cycle technology. In the studies, Coasting technology was the one applied. To analyze the observed fuel consumption variations, in order to extract the effect of Coasting technology, two approaches were utilized: comparison of total fuel consumption in the chosen routes as a function of average speed; and analysis of instantaneous fuel consumption on specific stretches of the same route, switching-on and off the technology. The results are compared with the ones obtained from quantification programs developed in Europe.

Em um mercado altamente competitivo, como o automobilístico, as empresas dependem de competir com seus concorrentes nas mesmas condições para manterem-se no mercado. Obter incentivos fiscais é uma questão de sobrevivência, pois para manter os preços dos seus produtos competitivos, é obrigatório obter o mesmo nível de incentivos dos concorrentes. Para a obtenção de incentivos, uns dos requisitos considerados pelas legislações é a eficiência energética e consumo de combustível. Dentre as tecnologias a serem empregadas nos veículos com o objetivo de reduzir o consumo de combustível estão as tecnologias ditas como fora de ciclo. Estas quando avaliadas somente com os ciclos padrões de rodagem atualmente utilizados, não apresentam ganhos compatíveis com os verificados em rodagens realizadas por clientes. Para demonstrar o potencial destas tecnologias, foram realizados estudos sobre os trajetos mensurados pela Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego de São Paulo em termos de volumes, velocidades e altimetria, e foram elencadas rotas que representassem condições de tráfego no município de São Paulo, comuns a grandes cidades brasileiras. Após a escolha das rotas a serem estudadas, foram realizadas rodagens com veículo instrumentado e registradas as informações de consumo de combustível, velocidades, acelerações, regimes do motor entre outras, com e sem a aplicação da tecnologia fora de ciclo. Neste estudo foi utilizada a tecnologia Coasting. Para analisar as variações de consumo de combustível observadas de modo a extrair delas o efeito da tecnologia Coasting, foram utilizadas duas abordagens: comparação dos resultados do consumo total nos trajetos completos como função da velocidade média; e análise do consumo instantâneo em trechos específicos de uma mesma rota com acionamento ou não da tecnologia. Os resultados são comparados com aqueles obtidos em programas de quantificação desenvolvidos na Europa. / In a highly competitive market like the automotive, companies depend on competing with their competitors in the same conditions to stay in the market. Getting tax incentives is a matter of survival because to keep the prices of your products competitive, it is mandatory to get the same level of incentives from competitors. To obtain incentives, one of the requirements considered by the legislations is energy efficiency and fuel consumption. Among the technologies to be used in vehicles with the aim of reducing fuel consumption are the so-called off-cycle technologies. When evaluated only with the standard running cycles currently in use, the obtained values are not compatible with those recorded at customer-driven runs. To demonstrate the potential of these technologies, studies were carried out on routes measured by the Traffic Engineering Company of São Paulo in terms of volumes, speeds and altimetry, and some routes were identified that represent traffic conditions in São Paulo municipality and that are common in large Brazilian cities. After the election of the routes to be studied, vehicleinstrumented taxiing was carried out and information on fuel consumption, speeds, accelerations, engine regimes and others were recorded, with and without the application of off-cycle technology. In the studies, Coasting technology was the one applied. To analyze the observed fuel consumption variations, in order to extract the effect of Coasting technology, two approaches were utilized: comparison of total fuel consumption in the chosen routes as a function of average speed; and analysis of instantaneous fuel consumption on specific stretches of the same route, switching-on and off the technology. The results are compared with the ones obtained from quantification programs developed in Europe.

Rapid adoption of battery electric vehicles means improving energy consumption is a top priority. Regenerative braking converts kinetic energy to electrical energy stored in the battery pack while the vehicle is decelerating. Coasting is an alternative strategy that minimizes energy consumption by decelerating the vehicle using only road load. This work refines a battery electric vehicle model to assess regen, coasting, and other deceleration strategies. A road load model based on public test data calculates tractive effort based on speed and acceleration. Bidirectional Willans lines are the basis of the powertrain model simulating battery energy consumption. Regen braking tractive and powertrain power are modeled backward from prescribed linear velocity curves, and the coasting trajectory is forward modeled given zero tractive power. Decel modes based on zero battery and motor power are also forward modeled. Multi-Mode decel (using a low power mode with regen) is presented as an intermediate strategy. An example vehicle is modeled in fixed-route simulations using these strategies and is scored based on travel time, energy consumption, and bias towards minimizing one of those metrics. Regen braking has the lowest travel time, and coasting the lowest energy consumption, but such bias increases overall cost. Multi-mode strategies lower overall cost by balancing reductions in travel time and energy consumption. The model is sensitive to grade and accessory load fluctuation, making this work adaptable to different vehicles and environments. This work demonstrates the utility of regen braking alternatives that could enhance connected and automated vehicle systems in battery electric vehicles. / Master of Science / As battery electric vehicle adoption accelerates, reducing energy consumption remains a priority. While regenerative braking saves energy by recharging the battery pack using kinetic energy, coasting (deceleration caused only by road load) has potential as well. This work focuses on refining a battery electric vehicle model and assessing various deceleration strategies. A road load model calculates wheel tractive effort, and Willans lines are used to model powertrain energy consumption. Coasting and other deceleration modes based on zero system power are modeled to produce speed trajectories, and regenerative braking power is modeled using prescribed linear velocity curves. Strategies that use multiple decel modes are also considered. An example battery electric vehicle is assessed using these strategies in fixed-route simulations. Vehicle performance is scored based on battery energy consumption and travel time. Regenerative braking has the lowest travel time, and coasting the lowest energy consumption, but those strategies also have the highest overall cost. Multi-mode strategies lower cost by balancing energy consumption and travel time. The strategies are sensitive to changes in road grade and accessory power, meaning the model can be used with different vehicles and environments. This work demonstrates the utility of alternatives to regenerative braking and how such strategies could enhance battery electric vehicles with autonomous capabilities.

In the past few years, the price of petroleum based fuels, especially vehicle fuels such as gasoline and diesel, has been increasing at a significant rate. Consequently, there is much more consumer interest related to reducing fuel consumption for conventional vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) than in the past. The goal of many competitions and challenges held in North America and Europe is to achieve extremely low fuel consumption. A possible strategy to reduce fuel consumption is to use the vehicle's fuel converter such as an engine to accelerate the vehicle to a high speed and coast to a lower speed with the engine off. This method will reduce fuel flow to zero during the coast phase. Also, the vehicle uses higher power engine load to accelerate to the upper vehicle speed in a limited time, thus increasing the engine brake thermal efficiency. This strategy is known as "pulse and glide" or "burn and coast" in some references. In this study, the "pulse and glide" (PnG) method is first applied to a conventional vehicle to quantify the fuel consumption benefits when compared to steady speed conditions over the same distance. After that, an HEV is used as well to investigate if a hybrid system can further reduce fuel consumption with the proposed strategy. Note that the HEV used in this study has the advantage that the engine can be automatically shut off below a certain speed (~40 mph) at low loads, however a driver must shut off the engine manually in a conventional vehicle to apply this driving strategy. In this document, three preliminary results of the PnG driving strategy are presented; (1) improved fuel economy for a conventional vehicle from a simple spread sheet model, (2) improved fuel economy for an HEV from a dynamic vehicle simulation model (the Powertrain Analysis Toolkit (PSAT)) and (3) improved fuel economy for an HEV from vehicle testing at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), all compared to steady speed conditions. The preliminary results show that the impact of engine load and kinetic energy stored in vehicle inertia is significant for fuel consumption using a PnG driving strategy compared to steady speed driving at the same average speed case. Especially, fuel economy can be improved at low speed range and higher acceleration because the aerodynamic drag force is smaller at low speed and the engine is running in a more efficient region for a short period of time respectively. In the last section, proposed directions of research are addressed based on the preliminary results. / Ph. D.

The accuracy in determined energy consumption and runningtime of trains, by means of computer simulation, is dependent upon the various models used. This thesis aims at developing validated models of running resistance, train and of a generaldriver, all based on full scale testing. A partly new simple methodology for determining running resistance, called by energy coasting method is developed and demonstrated. An error analysis for this methodis performed. Running resistance of high speed train SJ X2000, conventional loco hauled passenger trains and freight trains is systematically parameterised. Influence of speed, number of axles, axle load, track type, train length,and train configuration is studied. A model taking into account the ground boundary layer for determining the influence ofmeasured head and tail wind is developed. Different factors and parameters of a train, that are vital for the accuracy in computed energy consumption and runningtime are identified, analysed and finally synthesized into a train model. Empirical models of the braking and the traction system, including the energy efficiency, are developed for the electrical locomotive of typeSJ Rc4, without energy regeneration. Driver behaviour is studied for freight trains and a couple of driving describing parametersare proposed. An empirical model of freight train driver behaviour is developed from fullscale testing and observations. A computer program, a simulator, is developed in Matlabcode, making use of the determined runningresistance and the developed models of train and driver. The simulator calculates the energy consumption and running time ofa single train. Comparisons between simulations and corresponding measurements are made. Finally, the influence of driving on energy consumption and running time is studied and demonstrated in some examples. The main conclusions are that: The method developed for determining running resistanceis quite simple and accurate. It can be used on any train andon any track. The running resistance of tested trains includes some interesting knowledge which is partly believed to be new. Mechanical running resistance is less than proportional to the actual axle load. Air drag increases approximately linearly with train length and the effect of measured head and tail wind on the air drag can be calculated if the groundboundary layer is considered. The developed train model, including running resistance, traction, braking etc. is quite accurate, as verified for the investigated trains. The driver model together with the train model insimulations, is verified against measurements and shows good agreement for energy consumption and running time. It is recommended to use a driver model, when calculating energy consumption and running times for trains. Otherwise, the energy consumption will most likely be over-estimated.This has been demonstrated for Swedish ordinary freighttrains. / QC 20100526

My thesis is focused on realization of three inrush current limitors samples. This limiters will be used in ABB´s metal-clad, air-insulated switchgears for medium voltage distribution. On the basis of the results there is chosen the sample with optimal properties suitable for practice in the conclusion.