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No / This paper presents experimental results of temperature distribution in fire in four typical types of steel-concrete composite joint (web cleat, fin plate, flush endplate and flexible endplate) with different fire-protection schemes. The test specimens were unloaded and the steelwork of each joint assembly was exposed to a standard fire condition [ISO 834, 1975: Fire Resistance Tests, Elements of Building Construction, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva] in a furnace. In total, 14 tests were conducted, including 4 tests without any fire protection and 10 tests with different schemes of fire protection. The main objective of these tests was to investigate the effects of three practical fire-protection schemes as alternatives to full fire protection of the entire joint assembly. The three alternative methods of fire protection were: (1) protecting a segment, instead of the entire length, of the beams; (2) unprotected bolts and (3) protecting the columns only. The main results of these tests are: (1) if all the steel work (excluding the bolts) in the joint assembly was protected, whether or not protecting the bolts had very little effect on temperatures in the protected steelwork other than the bolts. The bolt temperatures were higher if they were not protected than if they were protected, but the unprotected bolt temperatures in a joint with fire protection to other steelwork were much lower than bolt temperatures in a totally unprotected joint; (2) as far as joint temperatures are concerned, protecting a segment of 400 mm of the beam was sufficient to achieve full protection and (3) if only the column was protected, only the joint components that were in the immediate vicinity of the column (such as welds) developed noticeably lower temperatures than if the joint assembly was unprotected, but due to heat conduction from the unprotected steel beams, these temperature values were much higher than if the joint assembly was protected. Furthermore, the column temperatures in the joint region were much higher than the protected column temperatures.

Traditionally, lead-based bearing overlays dominate the commercial automotive market and it has been proven that an excellent combination of properties can be attained through their use. However, lead is a toxic metal and a cumulative poison in humans. According to the European Union End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive proposed in 1997, vehicles that registered in'all the member states after 1st July 2003 should contain no lead, mercury, cadmium and hexavalent chromium. In this study, a new sulphate-gluconate electrolyte was used to produce multilayer SnCo coatings, aimed at a lead-free overlay for future market use. Tin-cobalt compositionally modulated alloy (CMA) coatings produced from sulphategluconate electrolytes have been previously examined as a potential replacement for lead-free bearing overlays [1]. However, some obstacles may exist which limit their potential use on an industrial scale. For example, long electroplating times are required to produce a thick coating which is very undesirable from an industrial viewpoint, and also the possible elemental interdiffusion occurring in the coating system under engine operating temperatures could rapidly deteriorate the coating properties. In addition, there is an increasing demand from automotive industry to further improve bearing overlay properties, for example for high performance and high compression ratio engines.

In this thesis Graphit-iC™, an amorphous carbon coating developed by Teer Coatings Ltd. was modified and deposited onto CoCr and WHMWPE substrates in order to improve the wear properties. It was identified that depositing a hard coating onto soft substrate would cause high stresses and lead to coating delamination. Consequently the polyethylene substrates were ion implanted with nitrogen to reduce the hardness differential at the substrate-coating boundary. The coating was characterised using a pin on disc method in order to determine wear and friction. Hardness and fatigue was characterised using nano-indentation and the coating adhesion was measured using scratch testing. Application of the coatings resulted in a significant reduction in wear. Wear factors as low as 3.65x10¯18m³/Nm were achieved for coated CoCr substrates compared to 3.53x10¯15m³/Nm reported in the literature for uncoated CoCr. The coating resulted in friction coefficients between 0.12 and 0.19 with hardness ranging from 6.65 and 15.63GPa. Similarly coating UHMWPE resulted in a reduction in the wear factor to less than 9.6x10¯17m³/Nm. It was concluded that the deposition of amorphous carbon coatings can improve wear of hip joint prostheses, although consideration must be made for the adhesion of the coating to the substrate so that it does not contribute to an early failure of the device. Improved adhesion can be achieved by reducing the hardness differential between the coating and adhesion, either through softening the coating or by using interlayers.

There is demand for improved security of refrigerated ready-to-eat meats. Antimicrobial edible films and coatings could function as an added barrier against post-processing contamination. Hops and hop extracts are known for their antimicrobial efficacy which is attributed to key antimicrobial components including humulones, lupulones, xanthohumol and various terpenoids. Yet, hop ethanol extract has not been studied as an antimicrobial to incorporate into edible protein films and/or coatings. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate hop ethanol extract as an antimicrobial agent incorporated into edible soy protein isolate (SPI) films and coatings, and the influence on the shelf-life and sensory attributes of bologna. Hop ethanol extract was examined for minimum inhibitory concentration before the extract was incorporated into a 6% SPI solution at 0, 10, and 20% levels to determine antimicrobial efficacy as a cast film and simulated coating via zone of inhibition against Listeria monocytogenes strains ATCC 4644, UKADL and ATCC 49594. The results showed that hop ethanol extract alone was inhibitory of all three strains. Moreover, the hop ethanol extract, when incorporated at 10 and 20% (v/v) into edible soy protein isolate (SPI) films and simulated coatings, exhibited antimicrobial action against all three L. monocytogenes strains. Key antimicrobial components, as mentioned above, were identified in the hop ethanol extract via mass spectrometry. The SPI with 10% incorporated hop ethanol extract (SPI+10%hop) antimicrobial coating was applied to bologna, prepared in lab without L. monocytogenes inhibitors, where it exhibited a significant (P ≤ 0.05) bacteriostatic effect against strain ATCC 4644. The SPI+10% hop coating was then applied to a commercial bologna to examine effects on shelf-life and sensory attributes. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found in instrumental red and yellow colors, however not in sensory color. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) found in measured lipid oxidation between the bologna with no coating, SPI coating or SPI+10%hop coating. The incorporation of hop did exhibit a slightly bitter taste. Overall, these findings indicate that the SPI+10%hop antimicrobial coating functioned as an inhibitor of L. monocytogenes while producing minimal effects on shelf-life and sensory attributes of bologna.

The cold gas dynamic spray process developed in the middle of the 80’s reached the industrial stage in development. Even so, many scientific investigations still go on. The nature of the bond between the coating and the substrate is the subject of some controversy. The development of the process will be improved by understanding how the properties of the powder and the mechanical properties of the substrate influence the bonding process. This study analyses the basic dynamics of the process when copper is sprayed. • The one dimensional isentropic model of the gas behaviour in a Laval type nozzle allows evaluating the effect of the gas stagnation pressure P0 and temperature T0 on the impact velocity and temperature of the powder particle. • The analysis of single splats on two substrates (aluminium and steel) shows the influence of the substrate on the deformation of single particles and the influence of the impact speed on the impact shape. • Coatings are made of with powders with a specific size distribution. Two copper powders with a different size distribution are compared based on the deposition efficiency (D.E.) and the mechanical properties of the coating. The mechanical properties tested are the microhardness, the bond strength and the nanohardness. • X-ray diffraction will show that the two powders have an initial very different microstructure. The consequence of this is a different deformation mechanism during the coating build up. • An Auger analysis of the interface has shown the presence of diffusion zone when copper was sprayed on the Al and TA6V substrate. It appears that the size distribution will determine the final impact conditions of the powder. The microstructure of the powder and the oxide content of the powder yield different deformation processes and may explain the differences in D.E. and mechanical properties. The Auger analysis of the interface has yielded diffusion zone that were not expected but some mechanisms under impact loading can explain their presence./ Le procédé de projection thermique à froid a été développé dans le milieu des années 80 et il arrive au stade industriel. Néanmoins, plusieurs développements scientifiques sont encore en cours. La nature du lien entre la poudre et le substrat est toujours l’objet de certaines controverses. Le développement futur du procédé nécessite une bonne compréhension de l’influence de la poudre et des propriétés du substrat sur le mécanisme d’adhérence. Cette étude va mettre en évidence les principaux facteurs influençant la projection de cuivre. • Le modèle unidimensionnel isentropique du gaz parfait dans une buse convergente/ divergente permet de déterminer l’influence de la pression de stagnation et de la température de stagnation sur la vitesse et la température d’impact des particules de poudre. • L’analyse d’impact unique sur les substrats d’acier et d’alliage d’Al (AA2014) montre l’influence du substrat sur la déformation des particules de poudre. La vitesse d’impact a une conséquence importante sur la forme d’une particule projetée sur une surface. . • Les revêtements sont fabriqués à partir de poudre avec une granulométrie donnée. Deux poudres avec une distribution de taille différente sont comparées par leur rendement de déposition et les propriétés mécaniques des revêtements obtenus. Les propriétés mécaniques testées sont la microdureté, l’adhérence et la nanodureté. • La diffraction par rayons-X montre que les deux poudres ont initialement une microstructure très différente. Lors de l’impact, les deux poudres vont se déformer de manière différente et ceci se traduit dans la microstructure. • La spectroscopie Auger montre qu’une zone de diffusion s’est formée à l’interface entre le cuivre et les deux substrats d’Al et de TA6V. La distribution de taille des poudres a une influence considérable sur la vitesse et la température d’impact des particules de poudres mais il apparaît que d’autres facteurs ont aussi énormément d’influence. Le taux d’oxyde dans la poudre a une influence très importante sur le rendement et l’adhérence du dépôt. Les deux poudres projetées ont une microstructure initiale très différente et ceci se traduit par une déformation différente des particules de poudre dans le revêtement.

Comme les propriétés physiques d'un matériau à l'échelle nanométrique sont largement dépendantes de la taille et de la forme des nanostructures, il est inutile de synthétiser de nouvelles compositions et morphologies. L'étude avancée de leur structure par les techniques de caractérisation usuelles (MET, MEB, DRX, Raman...) permettra de collecter toutes les informations nécessaires à la compréhension de leurs propriétés physiques (magnétiques, optiques, électriques). Dans ce manuscrit, nous décrirons plusieurs approches d'élaboration de nanostructures 0D, 1D et 2D multifonctionnelles afin de mieux connaître les paramètres qui contrôlent leur composition chimique et leur structure. De plus, ce travail de recherche a abouti à la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux à base d'oxyde et de carbure de fer. Des nanofibres magnétiques ayant des morphologies originales " Ruban " et " tube " ont été élaborées par la technique d'électrospinning en modifiant plusieurs paramètres expérimentaux : concentration de la solution, atmosphères de traitement thermique, température de recuit... De plus, des couches minces guidantes dopées par des nanostructures magnétiques ont été préparées par la technique dip-coating. Nous avons mené une étude complexe et détaillée sur les propriétés structurales de ces matériaux afin de définir les paramètres expérimentaux qui permettront d'obtenir des nano objets de bonne qualité. Dans un but ultime, nous souhaiterons explorer les possibilités d'application de ces matériaux qui présentent à la fois des caractéristiques électriques et magnétiques.

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