El mundo se encuentra en un estado de cambio con las nuevas tendencias de protección del medio ambiente y las especies animales. En el Perú, estas tendencias toman fuerza con el reemplazo de productos de origen animal por materiales vegetales que se usan en la fabricación. En tal sentido, este trabajo se enfoca en desarrollar casacas fabricadas a base de cuero de piña, el cual es un material textil proveniente de las hojas de piña. Este método contribuye con el uso de elementos residuales del cultivo de esta fruta, potenciando el comercio de proveedores locales. Al mismo tiempo, se busca contribuir a la disminución de la contaminación provocada por la industria del cuero. Durante el trabajo de investigación para la validación de este proyecto se realizaron experimentos a base de encuestas, entrevistas, uso de landing page y concierge del producto. La metodología de validación permite delimitar el tamaño del mercado peruano para las casacas de cuero de piña. Se toman como potenciales clientes a las personas que buscan alternativas de vestimenta ecológica y a personas que sean afines al movimiento animalista. El potencial del mercado peruano según la información extraída en este proyecto es de aproximadamente 10 millones de soles anuales, los cuales resultan compatibles con las necesidades financieras y operativas para la fabricación y comercialización de las casacas de cuero de piña. / The following project is based on the implementation of a business idea called "Ecopiña". This business idea focuses on the production of coats made from leather which has pineapple leaves as the main supply. It is a project that offers an ecological and sustainable alternative that also avoids hurting animal life, since millions of cows are slaughtered for their skin, the most important supply for coats in the market nowadays, so this idea is a really good alternative to save animal life. Furthermore, leather made from pineapple leaves is a strong and durable material that guarantees high-quality coats. We have identified through surveys and interviews that there is a large no satisfied demand, due to several people mentioned that there are not many ecological alternatives to replace cowhide nowadays. On the other hand, we seek to implement important tools through digital platforms such as a web page and social media that allow us to have a bigger reach towards our target audience. We also worked to follow up on the interactions people generate on social media in order to validate the purchase intention of our prospective customers. To sum it up, it has been concluded that it is a high-value project that can demonstrate scalability in different markets, since it satisfies an increasing need for sustainability that gradually brings awareness to the population. / Trabajo de investigación

The continuing quest for higher performance levels of modern gas turbine engines has been accompanied by the demand for higher engine operating temperatures. The use of Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) enabled gas turbines to operate at higher temperatures by protecting the blade material (nickel superalloy) while operating in extreme environments. The TBC system typically consists of a bond coat for protection of the nickel–based superalloy against oxidation followed by a top coat consisting of a thermally insulating zirconia-yttria. In addition to the complex gradation in phases, the coatings are subjected to continuous oxidation with service exposure, mechanical loading on rotating parts, fatigue, thermal mis-match and temperature gradients. Hence, the study of failure mechanisms of TBCs become important in deciding operational reliability and service life of the coating. As there are many systems in which the operating temperatures are not high enough to warrant the use of the top coat (ceramic layer), the study of failure mechanisms in superalloys coated with only the bond coat continue to be of great interest. The present work concentrates on the fracture behavior of NiAl bond coats on nickel superalloy and seeks to evaluate the fracture toughness of the coating through the use of micro-machined samples. A review of the relevant literature indicated that while a considerable body of work exists on bulk tests of failure (spalling, splitting, etc.), not much has been reported in the open literature on the evaluation of basic quantities such as the toughness of the coating itself. The present thesis seeks to establish a protocol for the evaluation of toughness and crack propagation mechanisms in coatings through a combination of micro-sample testing that allows fracture to be correlated with location in the film and the use of an analytical model to quantitatively evaluate stress intensity factors in a bi-material system. A system of NiAl coating produced by pack aluminizing is studied for the fracture properties of the coating. Specimen geometries are optimized to enable micro-cracks to be machined and propagated in a low load testing system, such as a depth sensing indenter, so that crack lengths (and position relative to the interface) can be correlated with load. To enable linear elastic theory to be used, dimensions are determined that allow fracture before general yielding. A three point bending test using miniaturized micro-beam specimens of ~ 4 X 0.3 X 0.3 mm is found to be suitable for the above purpose. The technique is a challenging one that requires focused ion beam machining (FIB) along with careful handling and alignment of small samples. The coatings are characterized for their microstructure by electron microscopy to identify compositional variation across the thickness and to determine the thickness of the coating and inter diffusion zone (IDZ). The crack advancement is monitored with increments of loading and the stress intensity factor is evaluated using a program written in “MAPLE” for an edge crack subjected to bending in a bilayered material. Surprisingly, fracture in this system is found to be stable owing to a gradual increase in toughness from the coating surface to the interface. Such an increase from less than 2 to more than 9 MPa m0.5 may be due to the increasing Ni/Al ratio across the thickness of the bond coat. Crack branching is observed as the crack approaches the IDZ and the reasons for such behaviour are not fully understood. This work establishes the viability of this technique to determine fracture properties in highly graded coated systems and may be readily extended to more complex coating architectures and other forms of loading such as cyclic, mixed mode, etc.

Characteristics of coating methods PVD, CVD, PACVD, MTCVD. The parting of the PVD methods. Advance operations before coating of round tools and hobs. Chemical stripping of HSS. Electrochemical stripping of AlCrN coats. Differently experimental methods of stripping of the cemented carbides. Finding of the most favour stripping method with help of the electron microscope. The history of the coating. Types of coats, their usage, properies and testing. Coating machine, description and characteristics data. Preparation of tools on the coating. Behaviour of the coating process. Signification of the geometry, cutting material and coating in relation to tool life. Test evaluation of the hobs.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou PVD povlakování střižných nástrojů ze slinutých karbidů, se zaměřením na zvýšení životnosti postupových nástrojů. Především poukazuje na využití povlakovaných nástrojů v praxi a procesních kroků před a po procesu povlakování. V teoretické části jsou popsány obě základní metody povlakování, tj. fyzikální metoda PVD a metoda CVD, založena na chemickém procesu. Dále jsou představeny jednotlivé způsoby vlastních procesů povlakování se stručným popisem výhod i nevýhod jejich využití. Praktická část je zaměřena na testování, jehož podstatou byl nejen vhodný výběr samotného povlaku pro daný materiál, ale i úpravy před a po povlakování, které jsou často opomínány. Ty jsou však nezbytnou součástí a mají výrazný vliv nejen na výsledný povlak, ale i na kvalitu pracovního procesu. Vyhodnocením experimentu je souhra určení nejproduktivnějšího povlaku v závislosti na dané úpravě.

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