Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-06T16:54:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 650913 bytes, checksum: b9f17c4a57a8b906d67c928beb6ed056 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T16:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 650913 bytes, checksum: b9f17c4a57a8b906d67c928beb6ed056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os fungos endofíticos constituem um grupo de micro-organismos produtores de metabólitos secundários bioativos. Dentro desta perspectiva, foi estudado o potencial antimicrobiano do endofítico Cochliobolus sativus, isolado do feijoeiro comum Phaseolus vulgaris. Foi investigada a capacidade deste fungo em produzir metabólitos secundários com atividade antifúngica e antibacteriana em diferentes condições de crescimento, levando em consideração o meio de cultura, o fotoperíodo e o tempo de incubação. Os extratos gerados nas diferentes condições foram testados contra quatro fitopatógenos de importância agrícola e bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas de interesse médico e industrial, utilizando o método de diluição em ágar e difusão em ágar, respectivamente. O extrato que apresentou os melhores resultados de inibição determinou a melhor condição de crescimento para a síntese desses compostos. Foi observado que a atividade do extrato E4 nos micro- organismos testados foi superior a atividade dos demais extratos, apresentando inibição significativa de 52%, 29,69% e 8,16% do crescimento micelial dos fungos Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium oxysporum. A inibição do fitopatógeno Colletotrichum lindemuntianum não foi significativa. Quanto as bactérias, a atividade dos extratos brutos só foi observadas nas Gram-positivas Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis e Enterococcus faecalis, apresentando os melhores halos de inibição, pelo extrato bruto 4, de 12 mm, 10 mm e 6,8 mm, respectivamente. A menor MIC (concentração mínima inibitória) do extrato bruto foi contra S. aureus (MIC = 32 μg mL -1 ), enquanto em B. subtillis e E. faecalis foi de 68 μg mL -1 . Sendo assim, foi selecionada a condição de crescimento correspondente ao extrato bruto E4 para otimização da síntese de metabólitos secundários em larga escala. Ensaios biológicos foram realizados, para averiguação da influência do pH do filtrado fúngico na extração com acetato de etila. Os resultados indicaram que não há necessidade de acidificação ou alcalinização do filtrado para se obter os compostos bioativos. Posteriormente, os extratos brutos foram submetidos a análises de cromatografia à gás, apontando inicialmente, para dois compostos majoritários. Procedimentos futuros serão empregados para o isolamento e caracterização completa desses compostos e será testada a capacidade do fungo para inibir o crescimento de fitopatógenos in vivo. / From this perspective, we investigated the potential antimicrobial activity of Cochliobolus sativus endophyte, isolated from the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris. We investigated the ability of this fungus to produce antifungal and antibacterial secondary metabolites in different growth conditions, taking into account the culture medium, photoperiod and incubation time. Extracts of the culture media generated under the various growth conditions were tested against four phytopathogenic fungi of agricultural importance and against gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria of medical and industrial interest, using the agar dilution method and agar diffusion, respectively. The extract that showed the best inhibition results determined the best growth condition for the synthesis of these compounds. Extract E4 showed the higher antifungal and antibacterial activities inhibiting 52%, 29.69%, and 8.16% of the mycelial growth of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Also, this extract presented significant activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis,producing inhibition zones of 12 mm, 10 mm, and 6.8 mm in diameter, respectively. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values were determined as 32 ug mL -1 for S. aureus and 68 ug mL -1 for B. subtilis and E. faecalis . Therefore, the growth conditions that lead to extract E4 were selected for large scale fermentation and isolation of bioactive metabolites. Biological assays were performed to investigate the influence of the pH of the culture filtrates on the of extraction of the metabolites. The results indicated that there is no need for acidification or alkalinization of the filtrate to improve the extraction of the bioactive compounds. Subsequently, the crude extracts were subjected to analysis by Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, pointing initially to two major compounds. Future procedures will be applied to the complete isolation and characterization of these compounds, which will be tested for its ability to inhibit in vivo growth of pathogens.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Differences in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) microbial compatibility and/ or their associated farming practices may influence root fungi of the following crop and affect the yield. The main objective of this research was to explain the difference in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield the year after pea and chickpea crops through changes in the functional diversity of wheat root fungi. The effect of fungicides used on chickpea on the root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied using plate culture and pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing detected more Fusarium spp. in the roots of durum wheat after fungicide-treated chickpea than in non-fungicide treated chickpea. Plate culture revealed that the functional groups of fungi responded differently to fungicide use in the field but the effect on total community was non-significant. Highly virulent pathogens were not affected, but antagonists were suppressed. More fungal antagonists were detected after the chickpea CDC Luna than CDC Vanguard. Fungal species responded differently to the use of fungicides in vitro, but the aggregate inhibition effect on antagonists and highly virulent pathogens was similar. The effect of chickpea vs. pea previous crop and different chickpea termination times on root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied. The abundance of Fusarium spp. increased after cultivation of both cultivars of chickpea as compared to pea according to pyrosequencing and was negatively correlated with durum yield. Plate culture analysis revealed that fungal antagonists were more prevalent after pea than both cultivars of chickpea and chickpea CDC Vanguard increased the abundance of highly virulent pathogens. The abundance of highly virulent pathogens in durum wheat roots was negatively correlated to durum yield. Early termination of chickpea did not change the community of culturable fungi in the roots of a following durum crop. It is noteworthy that Fusarium redolens was identified for the first time in Saskatchewan and its pathogenicity was confirmed on durum wheat, pea and chickpea. The classical method of root disease diagnostics in cereals is based on the examination of the subcrown internode. I evaluated the method by comparing the fungal communities associated with different subterranean organs of durum wheat. The fungal community of the subcrown internode was different from that of roots and crown, suggesting cautious use of this method.