A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine: Bioethics and Health Law Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. January 2017 / Doctors serving in public health services in Kenya under the employment of the Government went on strike in December 2011 and September 2012. The strikes were national and doctors withdrew all their services including attending to emergencies in hospitals. The reasons for the strikes were poor salaries, poor working conditions and poor state of public health services. The aim of this research was to analyse legal and ethical aspects of the strikes by doctors in Kenya and to explore ways to minimize harm to patients and society. The research examined the circumstances and contexts of the strike to enable an understanding of the status of health services and the nature of the demands by doctors. Kenyan laws relating to strikes were analysed to ascertain legal compliance or violations during the strikes. Obligations of the medical profession and ethical codes and rules of conduct for doctors were discussed in relation to the strike. Ethical theories of deontology, consequentialism and virtue ethics were applied to establish moral justification or lack thereof. Analysis of the legal provisions of the Labour Relations Act No.14 of 2007 revealed that it did not provide adequate processes for resolving trade disputes involving workers and employers in essential services. Suggestions were made on some ways to improve the conciliation process to foster appropriate resolution of disputes before strike action becomes necessary. Examination of the reasons for the strikes and status of public health services revealed that there were compelling reasons and circumstances for the strike action by doctors. It was acknowledged that harm and benefits resulted from the strikes. Some grounds for moral justification of the strikes were discussed and found valid. However, comprehensive justification of the strikes was difficult, considering the professional and ethical obligations of doctors to society and to patients. In particular the withdrawal of emergency services made it difficult to find moral justification for the doctors‟ strikes. Failure to provide emergency services expunged any moral justification for strike action. / MT2017

Purpose: This short viewpoint is a response to a lead paper on professional ethics in the information age. This paper aims to draw upon the authors’ experience of professional bodies such as the ACM over many years. Points of agreement and disagreement are highlighted with the aim of promoting wider debate. Design/methodology/approach: An analysis of the lead paper is undertaken using a binary agree/disagree approach. This highlights the conflicting views which can then be considered in more detail. Findings: Four major agreements and four major disagreements are identified. There is an emphasis on “acultural” professionalism to promote moral behavior rather than amoral behavior. Originality/value: This is an original viewpoint which draws from the authors’ practical experience and expertise.

The study of ethical practice in tourism among scholars and decision makers alike has blossomed over the pastten years. Urged on by the emergence of niche tourism marketing campaigns in sustainable tourism and by a widerglobal trend toward increased corporate transparency, the questions of motivating and maintaining ethical practicein one of the world’s most influential industries has received evermore attention in academia and the policydevelopment environment. This paper contributes to an understanding of ethical practice within the tourismindustry by analysing the potential barriers which exist to the implementation of an industry wide Code of Ethicsin a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic environment. Utilising the symbolic interactionism approach an analyticalmodel was constructed to investigate the institutional context of a proposed code of ethics for the tourism industryof Crimea. Focusing on cultural values, socio-economic status and institutional capacity it was found thatsignificant cultural distance and an underdeveloped tourism infrastructure posed the greatest potential disruptionto the implementation of an industry wide code.

All professional organizations that have a publication component should have a strongly articulated position against plagiarism. Such a position has a solid foundation in common understandings of ethical principles including the encouragement of honesty and the discouragement of stealing. Having a strong, ethical position against plagiarism is different from the implementation of a strong, enforceable policy against plagiarism. This paper examines some practical challenges to enforcement policies, including legal liability. These challenges may complicate the development of a broad, enforceable policy against plagiarism that includes sanctions against authors found to be plagiarists. Additionally, such sanctions are needed to deter authors from submitting plagiarized works. One important aspect of discouraging plagiarism is a better use of computer applications that detect copying. Authors can use these applications to avoid unintentional plagiarism; reviewers and publishers can use these applications to keep plagiarized articles from being published.

Like its ancestral disciplines, archaeology is no stranger to human conflict. Greek and Roman warfare often resulted in the sacking of cities, with all property (public, private, temple) taken as booty and the population and heritage exterminated or absorbed (men killed, women and children sold into slavery). In addition to the personal danger risked in a hostile region, archaeologists may also be thrust into deep and divisive cultural embattlements. Cultural property may be destroyed, intentionally or unintentionally. Graves, including potential evidence of genocide or mass murder, may be disturbed. Archaeologists may find themselves embroiled in many of these disputes and violent events, leading to difficult and complex ethical issues. This viperous nest of ethical concerns is amplified where an archaeologist is present as part of, or perceived to be related to, an invading or occupying military force. The goal of this thesis is to develop an engaging and pragmatic virtue-based professional ethic that may guide an archaeologist and archaeology through the ethical bramble bush raised by modern human conflict. The present ethical systems, based primarily on utilitarian or deontological principles manifested in ethical codes, are deficient because they fail to establish the archaeologist as a trustee (active or passive) in a political dynamic, elevate the archaeological record even when these professional codes purport to discount its importance, fail to address adequately the matrix of relationships in a manner that ensures trust across the interests of all stakeholders – both present and past, and dramatically fail to identify and develop the central thrust of a professional ethic (as opposed to personal moral judgment) in the first instance.

Foram descritos e comparados os códigos de ética da odontologia vigentes, na Argentina, na Colômbia, na Espanha, no México, em Portugal, no Peru, no Uruguai e na Venezuela com o Código de Ética Odontológica vigente no Brasil. Referida comparação deu-se no tangente aos seguintes aspectos: direitos e deveres do profissional, relação com o paciente, sigilo profissional, honorários profissionais, publicidade e propaganda e especialidades odontológicas. Observaram-se algumas desvantagens e vantagens nos códigos de ética estrangeiros em relação ao código brasileiro. Com base nisto propuseram-se algumas modificações ao Código de Ética Odontológica, tais como a inclusão de incisos que disciplinem a conduta do profissional em relação a pacientes soropositivos, obriguem o mesmo à denúncia de violência sofrida por paciente, lhe garantam a posse do prontuário odontológico, estabeleçam o sigilo profissional exclusivamente como dever do profissional, bem como a modificação do texto para melhor explicar quais são os fatos e informações que devem ser objeto de sigilo profissional. / The dentistry ethics codes in Argentina, Colombia, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela have been described and compared with the dentistry ethics code existing in Brazil. The referred comparison happened about the following aspects: rights and duties of the professional, relationship with the patient, professional secrecy, professional fees, advertising and dental specialties. Some advantages and disadvantanges, were observed in the foreign codes of ethics in relation to the brazilian dentistry ethics code. On that basis, some changes were proposed to the brazilian dentistry ethics code, such as the inclusion of items which discipline the conduct of the professional dealing with HIV positive patients, force the professional to the denunciation of violence suffered by patient, insure the professional the possession of dental records, establish professional secrecy exclusively as duty of the occupation, as well as the change of the text to better explain what are the facts and information that should be subject of the professional secrecy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate ethical dilemmas and ethical difficulties experienced by psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. The study is a replication of previous studies conducted by Colnerud (1997) and Slack and Wassenaar (1999). A sample of 295 psychologists in Sweden and 312 psychologists in South Africa were asked to describe situations that they identified as ethically difficult. 53 psychologists in Sweden described 61 incidents and 21 psychologists in South Africa described 24 situations. This corresponds to a response rate of 20% in Sweden and 8% in South Africa. The reported dilemmas were categorized according to a qualitative content analysis developed by Pope and Vetter (1992). The contribution of this study is that the results confirm that confidentiality is a prominent ethical dilemma for psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. This finding is consistent with findings in comprehensive international research. Furthermore, the results indicate that psychologists, especially in Sweden, experience ethical problems due to weakened legitimacy when conducting assessments. The results are discussed taking into consideration the different contexts in which psychologists work, the application of different ethics codes and different levels of ethical awareness. The weaknesses of the study and the method used are also discussed.

Abstract A government free from corruption is the foundation of a country¡¦s competitiveness, and therefore the degree of incorruption is a major criterion to use when the effectiveness and efficiency of a country¡¦s governmental administration are to be judged. In fact, corruption prevention has long been a universal issue. For decades, our country has invested much in corruption prevention with certain advancements achieved, and yet the achievements still fall far behind people¡¦s expectations. The codes of ethics for government officials have been moving from hollow moral appeals towards concrete, detailed behavioral norms, and some have even become laws. However, we are still quite a distance from corruption prevention law completion and full-scale practice. Since the promulgation of the codes of ethics for government officials by the Administrative Yuan in 1994, there have been codes for government officials to follow when it comes to lobbying, banqueting, and bribery, but disappointingly, corruption has not been suppressed by much. So far, quite a number of studies can be referred to that are focused on common individual¡¦s ethical behavioral decision-making, and a variety of factors have been identified that affect the decisions. However, hardly any integrity-related behavioral decision-making models have been established especially for government officials. In this thesis, on the basis of L. K. Trevino¡¦s Person-Situation Interactionist Model, the author aims to explore the correlations among different factors that affect government official ethical behaviors so as to thereby offer more practical corruption prevention suggestions. This thesis analyzes personal factors, environmental factors, and the developmental stages of ethical awareness. In addition, indicators to these factors have been extracted from the literature concerned and put together into a questionnaire, which was filled out by Penghu County government officials. As a result, 424 valid questionnaires were retrieved and analyzed, revealing the following facts: 1. Government official attributes: including individual attributes and group attributes. Sex, age, seniority, education, and rank of position are the five individual-

<p>The purpose of this study is to investigate ethical dilemmas and ethical difficulties experienced by psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. The study is a replication of previous studies conducted by Colnerud (1997) and Slack and Wassenaar (1999). A sample of 295 psychologists in Sweden and 312 psychologists in South Africa were asked to describe situations that they identified as ethically difficult. 53 psychologists in Sweden described 61 incidents and 21 psychologists in South Africa described 24 situations. This corresponds to a response rate of 20% in Sweden and 8% in South Africa. The reported dilemmas were categorized according to a qualitative content analysis developed by Pope and Vetter (1992). The contribution of this study is that the results confirm that confidentiality is a prominent ethical dilemma for psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. This finding is consistent with findings in comprehensive international research. Furthermore, the results indicate that psychologists, especially in Sweden, experience ethical problems due to weakened legitimacy when conducting assessments. The results are discussed taking into consideration the different contexts in which psychologists work, the application of different ethics codes and different levels of ethical awareness. The weaknesses of the study and the method used are also discussed.</p>

Foram descritos e comparados os códigos de ética da odontologia vigentes, na Argentina, na Colômbia, na Espanha, no México, em Portugal, no Peru, no Uruguai e na Venezuela com o Código de Ética Odontológica vigente no Brasil. Referida comparação deu-se no tangente aos seguintes aspectos: direitos e deveres do profissional, relação com o paciente, sigilo profissional, honorários profissionais, publicidade e propaganda e especialidades odontológicas. Observaram-se algumas desvantagens e vantagens nos códigos de ética estrangeiros em relação ao código brasileiro. Com base nisto propuseram-se algumas modificações ao Código de Ética Odontológica, tais como a inclusão de incisos que disciplinem a conduta do profissional em relação a pacientes soropositivos, obriguem o mesmo à denúncia de violência sofrida por paciente, lhe garantam a posse do prontuário odontológico, estabeleçam o sigilo profissional exclusivamente como dever do profissional, bem como a modificação do texto para melhor explicar quais são os fatos e informações que devem ser objeto de sigilo profissional. / The dentistry ethics codes in Argentina, Colombia, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela have been described and compared with the dentistry ethics code existing in Brazil. The referred comparison happened about the following aspects: rights and duties of the professional, relationship with the patient, professional secrecy, professional fees, advertising and dental specialties. Some advantages and disadvantanges, were observed in the foreign codes of ethics in relation to the brazilian dentistry ethics code. On that basis, some changes were proposed to the brazilian dentistry ethics code, such as the inclusion of items which discipline the conduct of the professional dealing with HIV positive patients, force the professional to the denunciation of violence suffered by patient, insure the professional the possession of dental records, establish professional secrecy exclusively as duty of the occupation, as well as the change of the text to better explain what are the facts and information that should be subject of the professional secrecy.