Thesis describes the procedures for evaluating performance parameters of heat pumps COP, SCOP (coefficient of perfomance, seasonal coefficient of perfomance). It is focused on the most common types of heat pumps in european geographical conditions, heat pumps air-water, water-water, brine-water.

This diploma thesis deals with the assessment of SCOP of the heat pump installed in the selected building and with the determination of optimal size of accumulation which should help to heat pump work with higher temperature and higher SCOP. Annual savings of operating cost and return of investment from installation of accumulation tank are evaluated in this thesis. In the research part of this thesis are described the main components of heat pump, sources of low-potential heat and types of heat pump.

La réfrigération dans les arénas représente un pourcentage très important de leur consommation énergétique. Ceci confirme l'importance de mettre en place des mesures d'efficacité énergétique lié à ce volet. L'optimisation de la consommation d'énergie, et l'augmentation de la fiabilité et de la durée de vie des équipements dans les systèmes de réfrigération est une préoccupation qui ne cesse de prendre de l'importance. Actuellement, les systèmes de réfrigération incorporés dans les arénas sont généralement dimensionnés selon un standard américain, qui ne tient pas compte du climat canadien. L'objectif de la présente étude est de démontrer l'impact de moduler la pression de condensation du système de réfrigération pour bénéficier du climat canadien. L'étude démontre qu'un système de réfrigération opérant avec une pression de condensation variable, offre plusieurs opportunités pour diminuer la consommation des systèmes et accroître rapidement l'efficacité énergétique du parc des arénas au Québec. Elle peut aussi à court, moyen et long terme avoir un impact important et positif sur la facture d'énergie des arénas.

Le chauffage et la production d'eau chaude sanitaire (ECS) constituent plus de 80 % de la consommation énergétique du secteur résidentiel en France. Le parc de la réhabilitation présente un très grand potentiel. Le remplacement des chaudières anciennes par des pompes à chaleur air/eau constitue un des moyens les plus efficaces pour la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet de serre. Les contraintes limitant le fonctionnement des PAC usuelles ont été identifiées. Un nouveau concept de PAC air/eau versatile (mono-étagée / bi-étagée) a été développé. Les fonctions principales de ce nouveau concept sont : le chauffage et le rafraîchissement, le fonctionnement sans appoint électrique, la production d'ECS en été et en hiver et le contrôle de la puissance par modification de l'architecture de compression. Les principaux résultats obtenus sont : Comparé à une PAC usuelle, le nouveau concept a permis des économies d'énergie s'élevant à 34,5 % et une réduction des émissions de CO2 jusqu'à 24 % en fonction du climat extérieur et du type d'émetteur de chaleur installé. Avec la hausse des prix du gaz et du fioul, le nouveau concept peut concurrencer en coût total les solutions de chauffage traditionnelles avec des chaudières performantes. Les émissions de CO2 sont réduites d'au moins un facteur de 4 comparativement à une chaudière au fioul ou au gaz. Des voies d'améliorations concernant une meilleure optimisation des cycles de givrage et dégivrage et de la production d'ECS en mode combiné avec le chauffage ainsi que le remplacement des compresseurs par d'autres plus performants sont possibles afin d'augmenter encore le COP saisonnier.

DeMiguel, Garlappi e Uppal (2009) fizeram a comparação da regra 1/N ou de Talmud com 14 modelos de otimização que vieram depois do trabalho de Markowitz (1952). As conclusões mostraram que todos os modelos de alocação ótima analisados tiveram um desempenho inferior ao da regra de Talmud. Tu e Zhou (2011) propuseram uma combinação entre Markowitz e Talmud para que tal modelo superasse Talmud. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios. A desconsideração dos eventos extremos (dependência assimétrica ou caudal) durante o processo de construção de carteiras poderá diminuir as habilidades dos gestores de ativos em reduzir o risco através da diversificação. A modelagem de cópulas sobre os retornos dos ativos nos permite calcular uma alternativa para medir a dependência dos ativos em eventos extremos através do índice de dependência caudal inferior. Hatherley e Alcock (2007) relataram que o modelo de Markowitz tende a subestimar as perdas potenciais que venham a ocorrer na presença de eventos extremos de mercado (crashes) para um determinado nível de retorno esperado. Verificamos se as estratégias com dependência caudal superaram Talmud, o modelo de Markowitz e o modelo de Tu e Zhou (2011) através da simulação de 1.000 carteiras com 3, 5, 10 e 20 ativos escolhidos ao acaso do índice DJIA no período de 03/1990 até 12/2012. Concluímos que os modelos de dependência caudal e o de Markowitz tiveram uma desempenho fora da amostra superior ao Talmud e ao modelo de Tu e Zhou (2011) para as carteiras com 3, 5, 10 e 20 ativos. A estratégia com dependência caudal superou Markowitz, em termos de retorno acumulado, em mais de 60% dos meses considerados em todas as análises. Os resultados apontam que a regra de Talmud deve ser descartada num contexto de construção de carteiras com ações frente à estratégia com dependência caudal. / DeMiguel, Garlappi and Uppal (2009) made a comparison of rule 1 / N or Talmud with most optimization techniques that followed the work of Markowitz (1952). The conclusions were devastating for all asset allocation models in the context of portfolios combined with other portfolios. Tu and Zhou (2011) proposed a combination between Markowitz and Talmud to overcome such a rule Talmud. The results were satisfactory. In the presence of extreme events, the Pearson correlation coefficient tends to increase in magnitude, making spurious results diversification based solely on this factor. The elimination of extreme events (asymmetric or tail dependence) during the portfolio construction process can reduce the skills of asset managers to reduce risk through diversification. The copula theory allows us to calculate an alternative to measure the dependence of extreme events in assets through the index lower tail dependence. Hatherley and Alcock (2007) reported that the Markowitz model tends to underestimate the potential losses that may occur in the presence of extreme market events (crashes) for a given level of expected return. We check that the strategies with tail dependence overcame Talmud rule, the Markowitz model and the model of Tu and Zhou (2011) by simulating 1,000 portfolios with 3, 5, 10 and 20 randomly selected assets from DJIA for the period 03/1990 until 12/2012. We conclude that models of tail dependence and Markowitz had more performance ex-ante than Talmud and the Tu and Zhou (2011) model for portfolios with 3, 5, 10 and 20 assets. Tail dependence models overcome Markowitz, in terms of cumulative return, in over 60% of months considered in the analysis. The results indicate that the Talmud rule should be discarded in a context of constructing portfolios with individual stocks ahead strategies with tail dependence.

La variation de puissance pour les systèmes de chauffage par pompe à chaleur pour le secteur résidentiel constituent un des moyens d'amélioration des performances énergétiques saisonnières par rapport aux moyens de chauffage existants. La technologie bi compresseurs a été identifiée comme étant à la fois énergétiquement efficace, et disponible pour les ensembliers européens. Les quatre résultats majeurs obtenus sont : - La mis en évidence par une série d'essais à charge partielle, des pertes en cyclage en mode chauffage et rafraîchissement des systèmes air/eau mono compresseur existant. La consommation de veille de la PAC constitue le seul élément qui contribue efficacement aux pertes énergétiques à charge partielle. - La quantification des gains énergétiques par l'adaptation de la technologie bi compresseurs sur une machine de référence, a été réalisée sur une PAC prototype qui a été développée au cours de ces travaux. - Un modèle dynamique de calcul de COP saisonnier a été développé. - L'optimisation d'une part du fonctionnement des compresseurs et d'autre part du dégivrage a permis un accroissement du COP saisonnier de 14,7% à 18,6% en fonction du climat extérieur Pour cette étude, des travaux de conception, d'expérimentation puis de modélisation ont été réalisés. La conception d'une PAC équipée de deux compresseurs a nécessité le développement d'un nouveau moyen d'essai à charge partielle. Les nombreux essais exploratoires et normalisés ont permis de caractériser une PAC existante ainsi, qu'une PAC bi compresseurs quelque soit le mode de fonctionnement et le climat extérieur. Le modèle dynamique développé, a permis l'optimisation énergétique du système grâce à une meilleure gestion du dégivrage, et à une régulation adéquate des compresseurs. Des voies d'amélioration concernant le dimensionnement des compresseurs ainsi que la gestion des débits au niveau des échangeurs sont possibles afin d'augmenter encore les COP saisonniers.

DeMiguel, Garlappi e Uppal (2009) fizeram a comparação da regra 1/N ou de Talmud com 14 modelos de otimização que vieram depois do trabalho de Markowitz (1952). As conclusões mostraram que todos os modelos de alocação ótima analisados tiveram um desempenho inferior ao da regra de Talmud. Tu e Zhou (2011) propuseram uma combinação entre Markowitz e Talmud para que tal modelo superasse Talmud. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios. A desconsideração dos eventos extremos (dependência assimétrica ou caudal) durante o processo de construção de carteiras poderá diminuir as habilidades dos gestores de ativos em reduzir o risco através da diversificação. A modelagem de cópulas sobre os retornos dos ativos nos permite calcular uma alternativa para medir a dependência dos ativos em eventos extremos através do índice de dependência caudal inferior. Hatherley e Alcock (2007) relataram que o modelo de Markowitz tende a subestimar as perdas potenciais que venham a ocorrer na presença de eventos extremos de mercado (crashes) para um determinado nível de retorno esperado. Verificamos se as estratégias com dependência caudal superaram Talmud, o modelo de Markowitz e o modelo de Tu e Zhou (2011) através da simulação de 1.000 carteiras com 3, 5, 10 e 20 ativos escolhidos ao acaso do índice DJIA no período de 03/1990 até 12/2012. Concluímos que os modelos de dependência caudal e o de Markowitz tiveram uma desempenho fora da amostra superior ao Talmud e ao modelo de Tu e Zhou (2011) para as carteiras com 3, 5, 10 e 20 ativos. A estratégia com dependência caudal superou Markowitz, em termos de retorno acumulado, em mais de 60% dos meses considerados em todas as análises. Os resultados apontam que a regra de Talmud deve ser descartada num contexto de construção de carteiras com ações frente à estratégia com dependência caudal. / DeMiguel, Garlappi and Uppal (2009) made a comparison of rule 1 / N or Talmud with most optimization techniques that followed the work of Markowitz (1952). The conclusions were devastating for all asset allocation models in the context of portfolios combined with other portfolios. Tu and Zhou (2011) proposed a combination between Markowitz and Talmud to overcome such a rule Talmud. The results were satisfactory. In the presence of extreme events, the Pearson correlation coefficient tends to increase in magnitude, making spurious results diversification based solely on this factor. The elimination of extreme events (asymmetric or tail dependence) during the portfolio construction process can reduce the skills of asset managers to reduce risk through diversification. The copula theory allows us to calculate an alternative to measure the dependence of extreme events in assets through the index lower tail dependence. Hatherley and Alcock (2007) reported that the Markowitz model tends to underestimate the potential losses that may occur in the presence of extreme market events (crashes) for a given level of expected return. We check that the strategies with tail dependence overcame Talmud rule, the Markowitz model and the model of Tu and Zhou (2011) by simulating 1,000 portfolios with 3, 5, 10 and 20 randomly selected assets from DJIA for the period 03/1990 until 12/2012. We conclude that models of tail dependence and Markowitz had more performance ex-ante than Talmud and the Tu and Zhou (2011) model for portfolios with 3, 5, 10 and 20 assets. Tail dependence models overcome Markowitz, in terms of cumulative return, in over 60% of months considered in the analysis. The results indicate that the Talmud rule should be discarded in a context of constructing portfolios with individual stocks ahead strategies with tail dependence.

Modelling Polygeneration with Desiccant Cooling System for Tropical(and Sub Tropical) ClimatesAbstractSpace cooling has become a necessity in tropical countries. Maintainingcomfortable indoor conditions in industrial environments incur high energy bills due toheavy dependency on electrically operated air conditioning systems. In order to exploreways and means to improve the energy efficiency and alternative energy resources, afeasibility study was conducted using a transient simulation software TRNSYS toimplement a combined cooling, heating and power system suitable for a tropicalcountry.It is proven from the literature search that desiccant dehumidification inconjunction with evaporative coolers can reduce air conditioning operating costssignificantly since the energy required to power a desiccant cooling system is small andthe source of this required energy can be diverse.(Low exergy heat such as solar, wasteheat and natural gas)This research is conducted to evaluate the performance and applicability ofdesiccant cooling systems under tropical climatic conditions. Two operating modes;ventilation and recirculation modes of solid desiccants based open cycle air conditioningthat use waste heat from a CHP plant are analysed to understand their operatingranges, performances and applicability. The model developed is used to propose asuitable desiccant cooling system for a selected industry environment in Sri Lanka.Preliminary results obtained by a parametric analysis for weather data for Colombo, SriLanka shows 0.95 and 1.02 optimum coefficients of performance for the ventilation andrecirculation modes respectively when heat is available at 85°C. Based on thecomparisons of the analysis it is seen that the desiccant cooling appears to be a logicalsupplement for space cooling applications in tropical climates like Sri Lanka. And for thecase study taken to investigate can be proposed with a desiccant cooling system with ahot water storage as the energy supply and it can maintain a COP of about 0.48 undertropical weather conditions.

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The building sector is responsible for excessive amounts of energy consumption and energy related emissions. The need to implement sustainable technology is crucial, such as heat pumps. However, faults within the system puts a strain on energy consumption. Studies have revealed that digital monitoring has the possibility to enhance energy-efficiency. Specifically, Machine Learning techniques has proven to be successful in the field of system optimization and fault detection which can help reduce energy consumption and additional costs. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how data analysis and Machine Learning techniques can be used to make performance predictions of heat pump systems.This thesis focuses on developing regression models for heat pump performance predictions using data from real-time field measurements from two ground-source heat pumps connected to a large facility. The predicted performance metrics are the Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Carnot efficiency. The research methodology includes a literature review, data pre-processing, feature selection and model development. The data was pre-processed to remove unsatisfactory information, and relevant input features were identified during feature selection. Regression models were developed ranging from simple linear to non-linear regression with up to four input features and third-degree polynomial. The models were evaluated using three different model evaluation metrics.The results of this thesis revealed that the best performing models for predicting COP were non-linear, including three to four input features with a third-degree polynomial. These models were able to achieve over 90% accuracy. However, models predicting Carnot efficiency showed deviations for one of the heat pumps. These results revealed the importance of the feature selection process when developing regression models. The significant features to consider were revealed to be the discharge refrigerant (the temperature of the refrigerant at compressor outlet) and the compressor voltage signal. The data analysis process and regression models revealed assumed measurement error or faults in one of the heat pump systems.In conclusion, this study emphasizes the effectiveness of Machine Learning techniques for heat pump performance predictions, specifically highlighting the role of feature selection.