Au cours des dernières années, le développement de matériaux composites avancés fabriqués à partir de fibres naturelles a été principalement axé sur l'obtention de matériaux à haut module et à haute résistance. Cependant, la résistance élevée n'est pas suffisante, car certains des matériaux possèdent une nature fragile (l'allongement à la rupture est faible), et l'un des critères de performance les plus importants devrait être la capacité à absorber l'énergie et à résister aux chocs. La manière dont un matériau composite se déforme et subit des endommagements dépend à la fois des propriétés chimiques et mécaniques de trois constituants de base : les fibres, la matrice et une fine région d'interphase (parfois appelée interface) chargée d'assurer le lien entre matrice et fibre. En raison de leurs propriétés uniques et de leur nature abondante, les fibres à base de cellulose émergent comme un choix privilégié pour les communautés scientifiques, techniques et commerciales qui recherchaient des matériaux durables dans diverses applications. Bien que ces fibres possèdent plusieurs avantages par rapport aux charges synthétiques, l'adhérence entre la fibre et la matrice, la sensibilité à l'humidité et les propriétés au feu restent des domaines difficiles à traiter. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle technique basée sur la méthode par pulvérisation-séchage-durcissement a permis de fabriquer un revêtement sol-gel hydrophobe sur la surface de la fibre de coco lignocellulosique. La modification de surface des fibres de coco a été effectuée à l'aide d'un plasma oxygène à basse pression suivi d'un enduit sol-gel polymérisable à sec avec un siloxane à fonction fluoroalkyle (FAS). Le prétraitement par plasma a augmenté la concentration effective du réseau FAS sur les fibres de fibre de coco dans le but de créer la surface extrêmement hydrophobe. L'efficacité du traitement plasma et du sol gel FAS sur fibre de coco a été étudiée en utilisant différentes techniques de caractérisation telles que l'analyse de l'angle de contact, l'absorption d'eau, la microscopie électronique à balayage, la microscopie à force atomique et la spectroscopie photoélectronique. Les propriétés mécaniques, morphologiques, rhéologiques et thermiques de différentes formulations de mélanges PP/EPDM ont été étudiées pour trouver la composition optimale du mélange pour la préparation de composites. Les composites résultants à base de polypropylène, d'EPDM et de fibre de coco possèdent des propriétés de résistance aux chocs élevées et des propriétés de traction et de flexion comparables. Les propriétés mécaniques, morphologiques, rhéologiques et thermiques des composites PP/EPDM/Coir ont été étudiées en détail pour examiner la stabilité des composites. / In recent years, the development of advanced high performance composite materials made from natural fibers was mainly focussed on achieving high modulus and strength materials. However, the high strength is not sufficient, as some of the materials possess brittle nature (the overall elongation to fracture is small), and one of the more important performance criterion should be the ability to absorb energy and resist impact loadings. The manner in which a composite material deforms and subjected to fractures depends upon both the chemical and mechanical properties of three basic constituents: the fibers, the matrix and a fine interphase region (sometimes referred to as the interface) responsible for assuring the bond between the matrix and fiber. Due to its unique properties and abundant in nature, lignocellulose based fibers are emerging as a preferred choice for scientific, engineering and commercial communities who were looking for sustainable materials in various applications. Though these fibers possess several advantages over synthetic fillers, adhesion between the fiber and matrix, moisture repellence, flame retardant properties etc are still challenging areas to be addressed. In this context a novel technique based on spray-dry- cure method to establish a hydrophobic sol-gel coating on the lignocellulosic coir fiber surface. The surface modification of lignocellulosic coir fibers was done with the use of low-pressure oxygen plasma, followed by the application of a spray-dry-cure sol–gel coating with the water and oil repellent organic–inorganic hybrid precursor fluoroalkyl-functional siloxane (FAS), with the aim of creating the extremely hydrophobic coir fiber surface. The plasma pre-treatment increased the effective concentration of the FAS network on the lignocellulosic coir fibers. The effectiveness of plasma treatment and FAS sol gel coating on the coir fiber was studied using different characterisation techniques such as contact angle analysis, water absorption studies, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanical, morphological, rheological and thermal properties of different PP/EPDM blend formulations were carried out to find out optimum blend composition for composite preparation. The resulting composites based on polypropylene, EPDM and coir possess high impact strength properties and comparable tensile and flexural properties. The mechanical, morphological, rheological and thermal properties of PP/EPDM/Coir composites were studied in detail to examine the stability of the composites.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-22T13:49:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Jokderléa - Versão digital.pdf: 2657401 bytes, checksum: aa4dfc40144fb6bdb5d19dd66aa43470 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T13:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Jokderléa - Versão digital.pdf: 2657401 bytes, checksum: aa4dfc40144fb6bdb5d19dd66aa43470 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / FINEP / ANP / PRH / Neste trabalho estudou-se compósitos poliméricos obtidos a partir de um poliéster biodegradável e fibra de coco (Cocus nucifera), uma fibra abundante na região Nordeste e para a qual não existem relatos na literatura de sua utilização em compósitos com o poli(butileno-adipato-co-tereftalato)(PBAT). O uso de fibra de coco nas formulações é uma alternativa para redução de custos, pois propõe uma substituição parcial do polímero a ser utilizado. Estudou-se a influência da fibra sobre as propriedades reológicas e térmicas dos compósitos. As fibras naturais foram secas e classificadas antes de sua utilização. Foi realizado um teste preliminar por Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória (DSC) com o PBAT onde foi definida a temperatura de fusão para o processamento no reômetro. Compósitos de PBAT e fibra de coco foram preparados com formulações de 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50% em massa de fibra em um misturador interno. Foi possível quantificar a dependência do torque com a velocidade de rotação dos rotores pelo índice de pseudoplasticidade através da lei da potência. A avaliação reológica dos compósitos obtidos mostrou a dependência do torque e da temperatura com a quantidade de fibra adicionada. Foi realizado um estudo sobre a cristalização dos compósitos com 10, 20 e 30% de fibra comparando com o polímero puro, submetido as mesmas condições de preparação. A análise dos resultados obtidos pelo DSC indicou que a adição de fibras nos compósitos alterou a temperatura de cristalização para valores mais elevados, sugerindo que as fibras podem ter um efeito nucleante. Os compósitos quando submetidos a variações nas velocidades de resfriamento, mostraram que o processo de cristalização se altera, deslocando os picos de cristalização para temperaturas menores, conforme aumentava a velocidade de arrefecimento. Foi construído o modelo cinético de Pseudo-Avrami para o compósito PBAT/10% fibra de coco, pois seus parâmetros de cristalização apresentaram desvios menores ou próximos de 10% em relação ao PBAT puro. Houve boa adequação dos modelos aos dados experimentais nas três taxas de resfriamento utilizadas. / In this work, it was studied polymer composites made from a biodegradable polyester and natural coconut fibre (Cocus nucifera). Great abundance of this fibre can be found in the northeast areas of Brazil, and there are no reports in the literature of its use in polymer composites with poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate). The use of coconut fiber in the formulations is an alternative for reducing costs, because it proposes a partial replacement for the polymer to be used. The study assessed the effects of the fibre on rheological and thermal properties of the biocomposites. Natural fibres were dried and classified before its utilization. Initially, the PBAT characterization was performed by differential scanning calorimetry in which were defined the melting temperature for processing in the rheometer. Composites of PBAT and coconut fibre were prepered with formulations containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% in mass of fibre in the internal mixer. It was possible to quantify the dependence of torque with rotor speeds by the pseudoplasticity index through the power law. The rheological evaluation of the obtained composites showed the dependency on torque and temperature with the amount of fiber added. A study was conducted on composites crystallization of 10, 20 and 30% of fibre comparing it to the pure polymer submitted to the same conditions of preparation. Analysis of the results obtained by DSC indicated that the addition of fibres in the composite altered the crystallization temperature to higher values, suggesting that the fibres may have a nucleating effect. The composites when exposed to variations in the cooling rates, showed that the crystallization process is changed, displacing the crystallization peaks to lower temperatures as the cooling rate was increased. It was built the kinetic model of Pseudo-Avrami for the composite PBAT/10% coconut fibre, because its crystallization parameters showed lower error values or near 10% compared to pure PBAT. There was a good adjustment between models and experimental data in the three cooling rates utilized.

Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer au domaine des matériaux de construction pour l'industrie de la construction, en développant la recherche sur les matériaux de construction renouvelables qui sont respectueux de l'environnement. Matériaux fabriqués avec un peu de ciment et en utilisant des matériaux locaux tels que l'argile et des déchets de fibres naturelles. Formation dans le processus de la technologie d'extrusion. Objectif à long terme de trouver de nouveaux matériaux de construction respectueux de l'environnement à partir de matériaux locaux pour améliorer la qualité de la performance, d'accélérer le développement et de réduire les coûts de construction. La première étude a examiné la structure de microphysique, mécanique, thermique et de fibres naturelles de noix de coco qui est largement disponible en Indonésie. Puis, en termes de rapport en fibres de coco et que grâce à un traitement non traités. En outre, le développement de modèles de Weibull pour obtenir des modèles d'une seule résistance à la traction de la fibre de coco. La deuxième étude, la formule conçue de coco matériaux composites de ciment renforcés de fibres et de l'argile doit être formée par un processus de technologie de l'extrusion en spirale. Après cela, le test rhéologique rhéomètre utilisé pour examiner l'incidence sur le comportement de la pâte de ciment de fibres stabilisé avec de l'argile. Ensuite, analysé pour obtenir des modèles prédictifs de la limite d'élasticité des matériaux composites. La troisième étude, inspecter les performances du produit d'extrusion mécanique, en utilisant destructrice système de test mécanique (MTS) et en utilisant des méthodes d'essais non destructifs avec corrélation d'image numérique (DIC). Ensuite, développé des modèles micromécaniques des fibres mécaniques et composites. Pour obtenir la caractérisation des tests micro composants par microscope électronique à balayage (MEB). L'évolution de l'échec et de dommages matériels observé microfissures. Les résultats obtenus de cette étude, la performance de la fibre peut être améliorée par un traitement et ont obtenu un seul des modèles de résistance à la traction de la fibre. En outre, les produits d'extrusion de la formule mortier obtenu des matériaux composites de fibres peuvent être extrudés sans défauts sur la surface. Aussi obtenu modèles rhéologiques pour prédire le rendement des composites de fibre de contrainte. Ajout de la fibre de coco augmente la résistance à la compression et à la traction que sans fibres. L‘évolution de défaillance et de la destruction du matériel de fibre composite est plus résistant que le matériau normal. De même dérivé des effets de modèles et des modèles de micromécanique robinet de fibres et traînée de composites de fibres mécaniques. Le modèle résultant est comparé avec les résultats des données expérimentales MTS et DIC, donnant les résultats de leur pertinence. Le matériau de construction qui en résulte est des matériaux écologiques, ductiles et très approprié pour les bâtiments dans les zones sismiques / The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the field of building materials for the construction industry, by developing research on renewable building materials that are environmentally friendly. Materials are made with low cement and using local materials such as clay and waste natural fiber, formation through the process of extrusion technology. The long-term goal is finding new materials environmentally friendly building made from local materials to improve the quality of performance, speed up the building and reduce construction costs. The first study examined the physical, mechanical, thermal and microstructure of natural fibers of coir fiber that is widely available in Indonesia. Then, in terms of coir fiber ratio treated and untreated. Furthermore, it is developing Weibull models to get models tensile strength of the single coir fiber. The second study, designed the formulation of coir fiber reinforced cement and clay of composite materials to formed through a process of the extrusion technology spiral. After that, rheological testing rheometer used to examine the impact on the behavior of fiber cement paste stabilized with clay. Then, it analyzed to derive predictive models of the yield stress of composite materials. The third study, inspect mechanical extrusion product performance, using destructive mechanical testing system (MTS) and using non-destructive testing methods with digital image correlation (DIC). Then, develop mechanical models and micromechanical models of fiber composites. To get the characterization of micro-components are testing by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The evolution of failure and damage observed micro cracks. The results obtained from this study, the performance of coir fiber can be improved through treatment and obtained a single fiber tensile strength models. Furthermore, the formula obtained extrusion products fiber composite materials can extrude without defects on the surface. Also, it obtained rheological models to predict the yield stress fiber composites. The addition of coir fiber increases the compressive strength and tensile strength than plain mortar. Failure and damage evolution of fiber composite is more resilient than the plain mortar. Similarly, it obtained mechanical models of the fiber effects and micromechanical models of compressive strength and tensile strength of the fiber composite. The resulting model compared with experimental data results of MTS and DIC, are giving significant results. The resulting building material is environmentally friendly materials, ductile and highly suitable for buildings in earthquake areas.