Increasing the life cycle of critical components is a common goal in many vehicle industries. One of the most common ways to increase the fatigue resistance of fasteners holes is the process of cold expansion. This method introduces a compressive stress field in the region around the hole that slows the propagation of cracks. Determining the life cycle benefits gained from cold expansion is difficult due to the complex nature of the residual stress field. Many groups have attempted to accurately predict how this field is generated and what factors can cause major variations in the resulting stress field. There are still many factors related to the cold expansion process that have not been quantified. By creating a script in the computer language Python it was possible to generate a number of different models quickly and efficiently in the finite element program Abaqus. While not all the models that could be created were initially found to be convergent, the script proved useful in creating a varied number of models to assist in determining which factors were leading to the convergence problems. Confidence in the script's ability to produce accurate models was established by generating models that mirrored the conditions found in other literature, so that a direct comparison of results could be made. For this work two factors were considered for analysis, the effect of starting hole size and multi-layer expansion. The results showed that even within the range of recommended starting hole sizes, a difference in the residual stress field was evident. If the hole was expanded beyond the recommended size a threshold was reached and a severe weakening of the residual stress field was noticed. In the case of two plate expansion, changes in the residual stress field were only observed at the interface region of the plates. For the entrance face of the second plate in the expansion, this change was highly beneficial. The results from the two plate expansion suggest that artificially creating a multi-layer stack-up may be a useful tool to improve the residual stress field at the entrance surface of a plate. / Ph. D.

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Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectif de contribuer au développement de procédés innovants pour les assemblages contenant des métaux durs. Le procédé d’expansion à froid, dont l’efficacité a été prouvée à de nombreuses reprises sur les alliages d’aluminium et dont les qualités sont nombreuses, a attiré notre attention. L’objectif de la thèse est d’apporter des éléments de réponse quant à l’intérêt de l’utilisation du procédé d’expansion au sein des métaux durs, mesuré notamment par son impact sur la performance en fatigue. Plus généralement, il s’agit de comprendre son fonctionnement et son mode d’action au sein de ces alliages à hautes performances. Dans les travaux réalisés, les challenges scientifiques et techniques s’articulent autour de plusieurs thématiques d’étude. Des essais expérimentaux ont été effectués en vue de prouver la faisabilité du procédé mais aussi de mesurer de son impact sur la tenue fatigue d’alésages en alliages de titane (Ti-6Al-4V), en acier inoxydables à durcissement structural (15-5PH) mais aussi en superalliages à base Nickel (Inconel 718). L’efficacité du procédé a été prouvée et les gains apportés par la technologie sont importants. D’un autre côté, la problématique de la détermination des champs résiduels en bord de trou reste un réel défi pour la communauté intéressée par l’expansion à froid. La considération cette fois-ci des métaux durs apporte un degré supplémentaire de nouveauté et d’inconnu. La méthodologie générale employée réside dans la considération d’études numériques et expérimentales afin d’étudier la réponse des métaux durs à l’expansion à froid. Des modèles éléments finis axisymétriques ont été développés en vue de simuler le procédé complet d’expansion à froid réalisée au sein d’alésages et d’empilages de divers métaux durs. Les résultats numériques fournis ont été mis en parallèle avec ceux issus de mesures expérimentales, telles que la méthode du trou incrémental. Le but étant ainsi d’obtenir les cartographies les plus fiables possibles des contraintes résiduelles triaxiales générées en bord de trou mais aussi de rechercher de stratégies d’optimisations du procédé / This thesis aims to contribute to the development of innovative processes for mechanical components made of hard metals (Titanium, steels and superalloys). In the aeronautical field, the design of ever more efficient and reliable structures remains a technical challenge. In mechanical assemblies, hole edges are the seats of high stress concentrations and are a major risk site for crack initiation. To fight against this damage, manufacturing technologies such as cold expansion are widespread for aluminium applications but not for hard metal. The objective of this study is to provide answers concerning the impact of the cold expansion on the fatigue performance of holes and understand the mechanisms of the process in these high performance alloys. In the present work, the methodology proposed is to carry out both experimental and numerical studies of the response of hard alloy holes subjected to cold expansion. An extensive experimental campaign has been set up. It includes several materials (Ti-6Al-4V αβ and β annealed, 15-5PH & Inconel 718) and aims to test many parameters. The process has proved very effective on the fatigue performance in these high performance alloys. On the other hand, the main technical and scientific challenge lies in determining the stress fields generated within the material after cold expansion, especially in hard metals, the behaviour of which can be diverse and complex. The numerical modelling strategy chosen has led to the development of polyvalent axisymmetric models that are dedicated to simulation of the split sleeve process. Experimental and numerical results were compared using various methodologies, such as the incremental hole drilling technique. Measurements have validated the finite element simulations, with the purpose of mapping the residual fields in the expanded metallic section and the proposal of optimisation techniques.