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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Gelificação a frio de proteinas do soro do leite : efeito da taxa de acidificação, pH final e adição de polissacarideos / Cold set gelation of whey proteins : acidification rate, final pH and polysaccharide addition effects

Cavallieri, Angelo Luiz Fazani 04 October 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Rosiane Lopes da Cunha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T11:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavallieri_AngeloLuizFazani_D.pdf: 4175503 bytes, checksum: 112549679044052b28c8967120da2e07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A gelificação a frio de soluções de isolado protéico de soro (WPI) foi realizada pela adição de diferentes quantidades de glucona-d-lactona (GDL) a soluções de WPI desnaturadas termicamente (80ºC/30 minutos). Foram analisados sistemas protéicos puros (WPI na concentração de 7% p/p) e mistos, após a adição de xantana ou guar (concentração WPI 5% fixa e de polissacarídeos, 0,1, 0,3 e 0,5% p/p). Estes sistemas exibiram diferentes taxas de acidificação e valores de pH final em torno do ponto isoelétrico das principais frações protéicas do soro (5,2 a 3,9). Nos sistemas protéicos puros foi possível distinguir dois estágios de desenvolvimento estrutural: 1-início da formação da rede até o ponto de gel, em que as propriedades reológicas não foram influenciadas pela taxa de acidificação, e 2- subseqüente desenvolvimento estrutural com a redução do pH devido a fortalecimento de ligações e rearranjos estruturais. O processo lento de acidificação levou a géis mais estruturados no pH final de 5,2 enquanto que a acidificação rápida produziu géis mais frágeis (pH 4,2), que mostraram rearranjo estrutural após a obtenção do pH final. No pH de equilíbrio em torno do pI, a capacidade de retenção de água foi menor, o que foi associado à menor solubilidade protéica (exceto da fração ß-Lg) nestas condições. A solubilidade protéica na presença ou ausência de condições desnaturantes indicou que interações eletrostáticas foram responsáveis pela manutenção da rede nos pHs 5,2 a 4,6, porém um maior caráter hidrofóbico foi visualizado no pH 4,2. A adição de polissacarídeos levou a uma descontinuidade da estrutura da rede do gel, com um aumento da quantidade de poros. A adição de xantana enfraqueceu a rede e diminuiu a sua deformabilidade. Em menores taxas de acidificação e concentração de xantana visualizou-se a formação de géis heterogêneos (separação de fases macroscópica), com maiores valores de lacunaridade (descontinuidade da microestrutura), e menores valores de dimensão fractal, Df, (agregados protéicos menores e menos complexos na rede). No entanto, o aumento da taxa de acidificação e diminuição do pH final levou à formação de géis homogêneos, com uma rede mais forte, um sistema menos poroso e com maiores valores de Df (agregados mais complexos na rede devido a maior interação eletrostática entre proteínas e xantana). Em elevadas concentrações de guar houve formação de géis não auto-sustentáveis com grande lacunaridade e menores Df. Em menores concentrações de guar observou-se a formação de uma rede contínua no gel (menos porosa), com menores valores de Df. Nos géis autosustentáveis foi visualizado que o aumento da taxa de acidificação levou a géis com maior valor de tensão de ruptura e módulo de elasticidade, maior Df e menor lacunaridade, o que foi associado ao aumento de interação proteína-proteína. A descontinuidade da microestrutura nos géis WPI-xantana foi resultado de fenômenos simultâneos de separação de fases (condição inicial dos sistemas no pH 6,7) e gelificação (fase de redução de pH), sendo, portanto influenciada pela concentração de xantana, taxa de acidificação e pH final do gel, enquanto que nos géis WPI-guar o efeito predominante do aumento da concentração de guar foi associado a efeitos de exclusão de volume entre as proteínas do soro e a guar / Abstract: The cold set gelation of whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions was induced by addition of several amounts of glucone-d-lactone (GDL) to thermal denatured (80ºC/30min) WPI solutions. Pure whey protein systems (7% WPI w/w) and mixed WPI-xanthan or WPI-guar gels (5% WPI w/w with the addition of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% polysaccharide) were studied. The systems showed different acidification rates, which led to different final pH values near the isoelectric point (pI) of the main whey proteins (5.2 to 3.9). Two gelation stages were defined in pure whey protein systems: 1- until the gel point, in which the rheological properties were not influenced by the acidification rates; 2- gel structure development until the pH equilibrium, in which bonds strengthening and molecular rearrangements on gel network took place. Lower acidification rates led to stronger and structured gels at final pH 5.2. However, the increase in acidification condition caused the formation of weaker gels at final pH 4.2. In the latter case, molecular rearrangements on structure took place during a long time after the achievement of steady pH values. At this pH, the water retention capacity of the gels was also lower, which was attributed to more fragile network but mainly due to the lower protein solubility (except ß-Lg fractions) near the pI. The protein solubility in buffers also showed that electrostatic interactions were involved in gel structure stabilization at final pH range of 5.2-4.6 and a more hydrophobic contribution was observed at pH 4.2. The polysaccharide addition caused the formation of great discontinuity on gels structure, leading to an increment on gel porosity. The xanthan addition weakened the gels. Heterogeneous gels (macroscopic phase separation), with higher values of lacunarity (network discontinuity) and lower values of fractal dimension, Df, (smaller and less complex aggregates) were formed at lower acidification conditions and xanthan concentration. However, the increase in acidification rate led to homogeneous gels formation, with lower lacunarity. This could be explained by an increased electrostatic attraction between proteins and xanthan at pH<pI, leading to higher values of stress at rupture and elasticity modulus at final pHs 5.2 and 4.2, respectively. At higher guar concentration the WPI-guar gels were not self-supported, with greater lacunarity and lower Df values. More continuous network was observed for mixed gels at lower guar concentration. The increase in acidification rate led a reduction in lacunarity and an increase stress at rupture; elasticity modulus and Df values of self supported WPI-guar gels. This latter result was attributed to an increase in protein-protein interactions. The network discontinuity in mixed WPI-xanthan gels was attributed to simultaneous effects of phase separation and gelation. These effects were influenced by xanthan concentration, acidification rate and final pH. However, mixed WPI-guar gels showed a predominant effect of guar concentration on microstructure discontinuity, which was attributed to excluded volume effects between the whey proteins and guar / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
2

New water/water emulsions stabilized by Pickering effect / Nouvelles émulsions eau/eau stabilisées par effet Pickering

González Jordán, Alberto 26 January 2018 (has links)
Les émulsions eau/eau (W/W) ont suscité un grand intérêt en raison de leur potentiel d'application dans différentes industries telles que l'agroalimentaire, les produits pharmaceutiques, les cosmétiques et les soins personnels. Le caractère particulier des émulsions W/W est leur stabilisation par ajout de particules. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre cet aspect en étudiant une émulsion modèle W/W à base de dextran et du poly(oxyde d'éthylène) stabilisée par des particules à base de protéines du lactosérum. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'effet de la morphologie des particules protéiques et leur partitionnement sur la stabilité des émulsions W/W. En particulier, la stabilité s’est révélée dépendre de la structure des particules quand ses derniers étaient sous forme de microgels, d’agrégats fractals ou de fibrilles. Il a été montré que la stabilité s'améliorait lorsque les particules se localiser préférentiellement dans la phase continue. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié la gélification, des microgels et des agrégats fractals, induite en réduisant le pH entre 6,5 et 3,5 ou en ajoutant 0,3 M NaCl à pH 7,0 aussi bien quand l’excès des particules se situe dans la phase continue ou dispersée. Dans le premier cas, un réseau se formé dans la phase continue de dextran, permettant d’inhiber le crémage des gouttelettes de PEO, les agrégats fractals étant plus efficaces que les microgels. Dans le second cas, des particules protéiques denses pourraient être formées par gélification des gouttelettes de dextran dispersées. Finalement, nous avons exploré l'adsorption des protéines natives sur les particules de latex et leur capacité à stabiliser les émulsions. / Water/water (W/W) emulsions have attracted great interest recently due to their high potential for applications in different industries such as food and beverages, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and personal care. An important issue is the stabilization of W/W emulsions by adding particles. The aim of the research for this thesis was to shed light on this issue by studying a model W/W emulsion formed by mixing dextran and poly(ethylene oxide) with particles based on whey proteins. Firstly, we studied the effect of the morphology of protein particles and their partitioning on the stability of W/W emulsions. The stability was different when microgels, fractal aggregates or fibrils were added. We showed that stability improved when the particles partitioned to the continuous phase. Secondly, we investigated gelation of the fractal aggregates and microgels induced by reducing the pH between 6.5 and 3.5 or by adding 0.3M NaCl at pH 7.0 with excess particles either in the continuous or he dispersed phase. In the first case, a network was formed in the continuous dextran phase, making it possible to arrest creaming of PEO droplets, fractal aggregates being more effective than microgels. In the second case, dense protein particles could be formed by gelation of the dispersed dextran droplets. Thirdly, we explored the effect of adsorbing native proteins unto latex particles on their capacity to stabilize W/W emulsions.
3

Gelificação a frio de proteinas do soro e fibras de linhaça através da adição de sais de calcio ou sodio / Cold-set gelation of whey proteins and flaxseed fiber by calcium or sodium salts addition

Kuhn, Kátia Regina, 1984- 12 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Rosiane Lopes da Cunha, Angelo Luiz Fazani Cavallieri / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T20:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kuhn_KatiaRegina_M.pdf: 7905383 bytes, checksum: d2611d08a267478c25b7976ba7ea4940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Biopolímeros, como as proteínas e os polissacarídeos, são utilizados pela indústria de alimentos por desempenharem um papel essencial na estrutura, textura e estabilidade dos produtos. O entendimento das interações biopoliméricas é importante para melhorar suas propriedades funcionais, como por exemplo, a capacidade de gelificação, e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as interações macromoleculares de sistemas contendo proteínas do soro de leite (WPI) e/ou polissacarídeo da linhaça (FG) em sistemas gelificados a frio pela adição de sais de cálcio ou sódio, buscando correlacionar estas interações com as propriedades mecânicas e de estrutura dos géis formados. Inicialmente realizou-se a caracterização reológica do polissacarídeo da linhaça e foi observado um comportamento de fluido pseudoplástico e propriedades de gel fraco. Com a adição de sais, verificou-se uma redução na viscosidade intrínseca e nos módulos elástico e viscoso das soluções. Em uma segunda etapa, foram estudados géis puros de WPI (5, 6, 7, 8 e 9% m/m) formados pela difusão de sais de cálcio ou sódio através de membranas de diálise e observou-se a formação de estruturas opaca e translúcida, sendo que o aumento na concentração de WPI levou a uma diminuição na claridade e porosidade dos géis e a um aumento na rigidez, elasticidade e capacidade de retenção de água, em ambos os sistemas (CaCl2 e NaCl). Os géis de WPI formados pela difusão de sais de cálcio apresentaram-se mais rígidos e elásticos, menos deformáveis e com menor capacidade de retenção de água em relação aos géis de sódio. Por último, foram estudados sistemas mistos WPI (8% m/m) ¿ FG (0,1; 0,3 e 0,5% m/m) utilizando dois procedimentos para incorporação de sais, a difusão através de membranas de diálise e a adição direta, e observou-se que o método de preparo dos géis levou a sistemas com propriedades mecânicas bastante distintas. No método de difusão lenta de sais, visualizou-se a formação de géis heterogêneos (separação de fases macroscópica). Nestes sistemas, o aumento na concentração de FG levou a diminuição da rigidez, deformabilidade e da capacidade de retenção de água dos géis como conseqüência da incompatibilidade termodinâmica entre os biopolímeros e descontinuidade da estrutura da rede do gel. No entanto, foi no método de adição direta de sais de sódio que obteve-se os géis bipoliméricos mais fortes, sendo este método o mais indicado visando melhor estrutura e propriedades mecânicas dos géis formados com maior viabilidade de uso em escala industrial / Abstract: Biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, are used by the food industry for playing an essential role in the structure, texture and stability of the products. An understanding of the biopolymers interactions is important for improvement of their functional properties, such as gelation, and for the new products development. Thus, the aim of this work it was to study macromolecular interactions between whey protein isolate (WPI) and/or flaxseed gum (FG) at cold-set gels formed by calcium or sodium salts addition, by correlation of these interactions with the mechanical properties and structure of the formed gels. Initially, flaxseed gum rheological characterization was realized and it was observed a shear thinning behavior and ¿weak gel¿ properties. Salts addition led to a decrease in intrinsic viscosity and in the storage and loss modulus of solutions. In a second step of this work, pure WPI gels (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9% w/w) formed by calcium or sodium salts diffusion through dialysis membranes were studied and it was observed the formation of structures opaque and translucent, where the increase WPI concentration led to a decrease in the clarity and porosity of the gels and to an increase in hardness, elasticity and water-holding capacity, in both systems (CaCl2 and NaCl). WPI gels formed by calcium salts diffusion were harder and more elastic, less deformable and with lesser ability to hold water in relation to sodium gels. Finally, mixed WPI (8% w/w) ¿ FG (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% w/w) systems using two procedures for incorporation of salts were studied, the diffusion through dialysis membranes and the direct addition, and it was observed that the gels preparation method led to systems with quite different mechanical properties. By slow salts diffusion, it was observed the heterogeneous gels formation (macroscopic phase separation). In these systems, the increase FG concentration led to a decrease of the hardness, deformability and water-holding capacity of the gels as a consequence of the thermodynamic incompatibility between biopolymers and gel network discontinuity. However, it was by sodium salts direct addition that it were obtained stronger bi-polymeric gels, being this the most appropriate method to better structure and mechanical properties of the formed gels with higher viability for use in industrial scale / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
4

Texturization of dairy protein systems with whey protein isolate aggregates / Texturer des matrices laitières avec des agrégats de protéines laitières

Kharlamova, Anna 15 November 2017 (has links)
Dans le lait on peut distinguer les protéines sériques et les caséines. Les protéines sériques sont des protéines globulaires qui se trouvent dans le sérum du lait et elles sont connues pour leurs propriétés fonctionnelles exceptionnelles. Quand une solution de protéines sériques est chauffée, elles perdent leur structure native et peuvent s'agréger. Elles forment des agrégats de différentes formes, tailles et densités : des cylindres, des agrégats fractals, des microgels et des agrégats fibrillaires. De l'autre côté, les caséines sont organisées dans des micelles de caséine d'un rayon environ 100-200 nm stabilisées par du phosphate de calcium colloïdal.Au cours de ce travail, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment les agrégats de protéines sériques pouvaient être utilisés en mélange avec les micelles de caséine pour obtenir et contrôler la texture de produits laitiers. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié le processus de « cold gelation » induit par ajout de calcium et/ou acidification d'agrégats et de microgels de protéines sériques seuls. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la fonctionnalité des agrégats dans les mélanges plus complexes avec les autres protéines laitières et en présence de minéraux. L'addition de petites quantités d'agrégats fractals dans des suspensions de micelles diminuait leur température critique de gélification, augmentait le module élastique et diminuait la synérèse des gels.Les agrégats de protéines sériques peuvent être utilisés pour modifier la viscosité des mélanges, comme gélifiant ou pour enrichir la teneur en protéine du milieu sans en augmenter la viscosité. / The proteins of milk can be divided into whey proteins and caseins. Whey proteins are compact globular proteins that are found in the aqueous phase of milk. They are well-known for their exceptional functional properties. Upon heating, individual whey proteins denature and aggregate, forming aggregates of different morphologies and sizes, such as strands, fractal aggregates, microgels and fibrillar aggregates, depending on the heating conditions. On the other hand, the caseins in milk are organized in complex protein units with a diameter of 100-200 nm called casein micelles stabilized by colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP).The current work is an endeavor to understand how whey protein aggregates might be used in mixtures with other dairy proteins, such as casein micelles, in order to get a particular texture in a dairy product. We first extended the understanding of so-called “cold gelation” of pure WPI aggregates induced by calcium and acidification and then studied how the aggregates work in more complex mixtures of proteins and minerals. Interestingly, addition of small amounts of fractal aggregates to suspensions of casein micelles has been demonstrated to decrease the critical gelation temperature, increase the elastic modulus and decrease the syneresis of the gels.The aggregates are to be used to modify the viscosity of dairy products, as a gelling agent and for protein enrichment. The properties of strands, fractal aggregates and microgels have been studied and compared. WPI aggregates might be considered as “clean label” texturizing ingredients that do not require approval from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

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