Metal building roof systems with C- or Z-section purlins require restraint to resist lateral forces developed within the roof system under gravity loads. The currently available procedures for predicting these forces have been shown to be inaccurate for sloped roofs and difficult to apply to roof configurations with multiple points of anchorage. A new method has been developed that builds on the previous research and accurately addresses roof slope as well as the use of multiple anchorage devices of finite stiffness. The development of this method relied on a stiffness model, similar to that used by previous researchers, which was updated and calibrated to the results of recently completed tests. The calculation procedure explicitly addresses the location and stiffness of anchorage devices as well as the inherent stiffness of the purlin system to accurately distribute the anchorage forces. / Master of Science

The objective of this research is to create a computationally efficient seismic analysis framework for cold-formed steel (CFS) framed-buildings supported by hysteretic nonlinear models for CFS members and screw-fastened connections. Design of CFS structures subjected to lateral seismic forces traditionally relies on the strength of subassemblies subjected to lateral loading of systems, such as strapped/sheathed shear walls and diaphragms, to provide adequate protection against collapse. Enabling performance-based seismic design of CFS buildings requires computationally efficient and accurate modeling tools that predict the nonlinear cyclic behavior of CFS buildings, the individual CFS components and connections. Such models should capture the energy dissipation and damage due to buckling and cross-sectional deformations in thin-walled CFS components subjected to cyclic loads such as those induced by earthquakes. Likewise, models for screw-fastened CFS connections should capture the energy dissipation and damage due to tilting, bearing, or screw shear when subjected to cyclic loading. In this dissertation, an analysis framework for CFS structures that captures the nonlinear cyclic behavior of critical components including axial members, flexural members, and screw fastened connections is presented. A modeling approach to simulate thin-walled behavior in CFS members is introduced where parameters were developed using results from an experimental program that investigated the cyclic behavior and energy dissipation in CFS axial members and flexural members. Energy dissipation and cyclic behavior of CFS members were characterized for members experiencing global, distortional and local buckling. Cyclic behavior and energy dissipation in thin steel plates and members was further investigated through finite element analysis in ABAQUS to provide a strategy for modeling steel columns cyclic behavior including local buckling. Model parameters were developed as generalized functions of the hysteretic energy dissipated and slenderness. The capabilities of the analysis framework are demonstrated through simulations of CFS wood sheathed shear wall cyclic responses validated with experimental results from full scale shear wall tests. / Ph. D.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Sutton F. Stephens / Cold-formed steel studs, though they are a relatively new building material, have become a mainstay in modern construction. They are favored over traditional lumber studs for their high strength to weight ratio and resistance to insects and rot. Due to their relative newness as a material, new advances in their design and implementation are being developed quite rapidly. One such advancement is flange embossing, a technique used to increase the strength of the connection of screws into the studs. Currently, embossed flanges are not specifically addressed in the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI S100), thereby preventing current design equations from being used to calculate an embossed stud's member properties. An experimental investigation was undertaken to determine what effect, if any, flange embossing has on the nominal flexural strength of cold-formed steel studs as determined using the provisions of AISI S100-07. Studs with embossed flanges were tested in bending and their actual flexural strength was computed. This data was then compared with the nominal flexural strength determined using the AISI Specification, without embossing, to determine if these equations would still be appropriate for the design of embossed studs.

Cold-formed steel framing of residential and light commercial buildings continues to grow in popularity due to its structural and material advantages. The North American steel industry is actively performing research studies and developing design standards to assist in the cost-effectiveness of cold-formed steel in these markets. Cold-formed steel L-headers are structural components used over wall openings to transfer the loads to adjacent king studs. Recently, there has been an increased interest in L-headers among homebuilders primarily due to their ease of installation and low material cost. Design of the L-headers in North America is currently governed by the North American Standard for Cold Formed Steel Framing – Header Design, in combination with the North American Specification for Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. However, the design provisions in the AISI - Header Design Standard are particularly limiting. For instance, the method for evaluation of span deflections for both single and double L-headers, and uplift flexural strength for single L-headers is currently not available primarily due to lack of research on the issues. Presented in this thesis are the findings from an extensive laboratory testing program of full-scale single and double cold-formed steel L-headers. The objective of the research was to investigate the structural behavior of L-headers under both gravity and uplift loads. From the analysis, improved ultimate flexural strength design expressions and new vertical deflection expressions for single and double L-header assemblies were developed. The concept of semi-rigid members was introduced to evaluate the flexural behavior and deflection performance of L-header assemblies.

Cold-formed steel framing of residential and light commercial buildings continues to grow in popularity due to its structural and material advantages. The North American steel industry is actively performing research studies and developing design standards to assist in the cost-effectiveness of cold-formed steel in these markets. Cold-formed steel L-headers are structural components used over wall openings to transfer the loads to adjacent king studs. Recently, there has been an increased interest in L-headers among homebuilders primarily due to their ease of installation and low material cost. Design of the L-headers in North America is currently governed by the North American Standard for Cold Formed Steel Framing – Header Design, in combination with the North American Specification for Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. However, the design provisions in the AISI - Header Design Standard are particularly limiting. For instance, the method for evaluation of span deflections for both single and double L-headers, and uplift flexural strength for single L-headers is currently not available primarily due to lack of research on the issues. Presented in this thesis are the findings from an extensive laboratory testing program of full-scale single and double cold-formed steel L-headers. The objective of the research was to investigate the structural behavior of L-headers under both gravity and uplift loads. From the analysis, improved ultimate flexural strength design expressions and new vertical deflection expressions for single and double L-header assemblies were developed. The concept of semi-rigid members was introduced to evaluate the flexural behavior and deflection performance of L-header assemblies.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Hani Melhem / The combination of cold formed steel (CFS) with structural wood panels exhibits a degree of partial composite action behavior. In the current design and construction codes, CFS and wood sheathing systems are considered separate, in a non-composite manner, due to the absence of sufficient supporting experimental and research data. The problem with previous research is the lack of information to fully define the composite action between CFS and wood sheathing. The scope of this study is to check fundamental information provided in previous research. The approach adopted to solve the problem follows previous experimental procedures conducted at Kansas State University. The objective of the research is to determine the slip modulus with various fastener spacing. Additional results obtained in this study are compared to previous research results.

The objective of this research is developing a new method of design for cold-formed steel framed shear wall sheathed by ¾" thick USG structural panel concrete subfloor using a predictive analytical model and comparing the results obtained from the model with those achieved from real testing to verify the analytical model and predicted lateral load-carrying capacity resulted from that. Moreover, investigating the impact of various screw spacings on shear wall design parameter such as ultimate strength, yield strength, elastic stiffness, ductility ratio and amount of energy dissipation is another purpose of this research.

Web crippling is a form of localized buckling that occurs at points of transverse concentrated loading or supports of thin-walled structural members. The theoretical computation of web crippling strength is quite complex as it involves a large number of factors such as initial imperfections, local yielding at load application and instability of web. The existing design provision in North American specification for cold-formed steel C-sections (AISI S100, 2007) to calculate the web-crippling strength is based on the experimental investigation. The objective of this research is to extend the direct strength method to the web crippling strength of cold-formed steel C-sections. ABAQUS is used as a main tool to apply finite element analysis and is used to do the elastic buckling analysis. The work was carried out on C-sections under interior two flange (ITF) loading, end two flange (ETF) loading cases. Total of 128 (58 ITF, 70 ETF) sections were analyzed. Sections with various heights (3.5 in.to 6 in.) and various lengths (21 in. to 36 in.) were considered. Data is collected from the tests conducted in laboratory and the data from the previous researches is used, to extend the direct strength method to cold formed steel sections. Proposing a new design for both the loading cases and calculation of the resistance factors under (AISI S100, 2007) standards is done.

The cold-formed steel framed shear walls with steel sheets and wood-based sheathing are both code approved lateral force resisting system in light-framed construction. In the United States, the current design approach for cold-formed steel shear walls is capacity-based and developed from full-scale tests. The available design provisions provide nominal shear strength for only limited wall configurations. This research focused on the development of analytical models of cold-formed steel framed shear walls with steel sheet and wood-based sheathing to predict the nominal shear strength of the walls at their ultimate capacity level. Effective strip model was developed to predict the nominal shear strength of cold-formed steel framed steel sheet shear walls. The proposed design approach is based on a tension field action of the sheathing, shear capacity of sheathing-to-framing fastener connections, fastener spacing, wall aspect ratio, and material properties. A total of 142 full scale test data was used to verify the proposed design method and the supporting design equations. The proposed design approach shows consistent agreement with the test results and the AISI published nominal strength values. Simplified nominal strength model was developed to predict the nominal shear strength of cold-formed steel framed wood-based panel shear walls. The nominal shear strength is determined based on the shear capacity of individual sheathing-to-framing connections, wall height, and locations of sheathing-to-framing fasteners. The proposed design approach shows a good agreement with 179 full scale shear wall test data. This analytical method requires some efforts in testing of sheathing-to-framing connections to determine their ultimate shear capacity. However, if appropriate sheathing-to-framing connection capacities are provided, the proposed design method provides designers with an analytical tool to determine the nominal strength of the shear walls without conducting full-scale tests.

A prototype rigid wall relocatable shelter was designed and constructed using cold-formed steel (CFS) construction techniques including shear walls with corrugated sheathings. The design of the shelter was to be mechanically sound with adequate thermal performance and resistance to corrosion. Modeling of structural shear walls was performed using ABAQUS and verified with experimental results. At the project's conclusion, a completed full-scale prototype shelter was constructed.