本論文發現了一個有趣的实证现象。在涉及假设的产品选择和实际的捐赠行为的四个实验中，我們發現從事一項協同的行为可以增加人們在后续的一項无关的消费决策中的趨同性，但是观察協同的行為卻降低了這種趨同性。本研究還闡明了这些效應的两个边界条件，第一，當旁觀者與當事人共享行為的結果時，旁觀者的趨同性傾向會提高 ；第二，與實際參與某項協同性的活動不同，當當事人只是預期一項將要發生的協同行為時，他們在後續無關的消費決策中 趨同性下降。这些結果適用于在认知与动机的相互作用下的某行為對其他、 無關的情况下行为的影响。而且，这项研究發現了一個新的當事人－旁觀者差異的方面，即當事人和旁觀者在進行協同性的行為時注意力的不同并導致後續行為上的不一樣，因此對這方面的文獻也有所貢獻。 / This research documents an intriguing empirical phenomenon. That is, acting synchrony behavior increases individuals’ tendency to conform in subsequent unrelated consumer decisions whereas observing it reduces this tendency. This phenomenon is demonstrated in four experiments involving both hypothetic product choice and real donation behavior measures. The present research also identifies two boundary conditions of these effects. First, when observers’ outcomes are tied to actors’ success in performing synchronous behavior, their conformity tendency increases. Second, anticipated synchrony decreases, whereas actual synchrony increases it. These effects have general implications for the interplay of both cognition and motivation in determining the effects of behavior in one situation on the behavior in other, unrelated situations. Also, this research contributes to the actor-observer difference literature by identifying a new effect of the different focus of actors and observers on consumer decisions. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Dong, Ping. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 31-35). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.i / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cognitive Responses to Interpersonal Synchrony --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Role of Mindset and Production in Information Processing --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Effects of Psychological Reactance --- p.6 / Chapter 2.4 --- Actor-Observer Differences in Reactions to Behavior --- p.7 / Chapter 2.5 --- Qualifications --- p.9 / Chapter 2.6 --- Overview of Experiments --- p.10 / Chapter 3 --- EXPERIMENT 1 --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1 --- Method --- p.12 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.13 / Chapter 4 --- EXPERIMENT 2 --- p.15 / Chapter 4.1 --- Method --- p.15 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.16 / Chapter 5 --- EXPERIMENT 3 --- p.19 / Chapter 5.1 --- Method --- p.20 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.22 / Chapter 6 --- EXPERIMENT 4 --- p.24 / Chapter 6.1 --- Method --- p.25 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.26 / Chapter 7 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.27 / REFERENCES --- p.31 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.40

No description available.

No description available.

Football is one of the biggest sports in the world. Professional teams track their player's positions using GPS (Global Positioning System). This report is divided into two parts, both focusing on applying collective motion to football. % The goal of the first part was to both see if a set of cheaper GPS units could be used to analyze the collective motion of a youth football team. 15 football players did two experiments and played three versus three football matches against each other while wearing a GPS. The first experiment measured the player's ability to control the ball while the second experiment measured how well they were able to move together as a team. Different measurements were measured from the match and Spearman correlations were calculated between measurements from the experiments and matches. Players which had good ball control also scored more goals in the match and received more passes. However, they also took the middle position in the field which naturally is a position which receives more passes. Players which were correlated during the team experiment were also correlated with team-members in the match. But, this correlation was weak and the experiment should be done again with more players. The GPS did not work well in the team experiment but have potential to work well in experiments done on a normal-sized football field. % The goal of the second part of the report was to visualize collective motion, more specifically leader-follower relations, in football which can be used as a basis for further research. This is done by plotting the player's positions at each time step to a user interface. Between each player, a double pointed arrow is drawn, where each side of the arrow has a separate color and arrow width. The maximum time lag between the between the two players is shown as the "pointiness" of the arrow while the color of the arrow show the maximum time lag correlation. The user can change the metrics the correlations are based of. As a compliment to the lagged correlation, a lag score is defined which tell the user how strong the lagged correlation is.

This study examines the relationship between social stress and gender role differentiation. Crowd and collective behavior literature suggests two competing hypotheses. Social contagion theories suggest that gender roles become dedifferentiated in crowds. Social structural theories suggest that gender roles in crowds parallel institutional gender roles. The case study format is used to assess the relationship. Six crowd events, representing varying levels of social stress, were observed. Data were gathered via systematic observations, interviews and document analysis. The findings indicate that gender roles in crowds parallel institutional gender roles. Culturally prescribed gender expectations endure across social stress settings.

Shi Jingjing. / "August 2006." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-205). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

This thesis is about how complex change processes requiring collective action happen. Its concern is with connecting the technicalities of change (doing X to influence Y) to the human factors that move people to act. It draws learning from the efforts of a diverse group of volunteers and residents to protect a water ecosystem on a disasterstricken island in the Philippines. It analyses the relational structures and wellbeing dynamics of people's interactions to bring new insights into the interpersonal experiences that mobilise and sustain collective endeavours. Despite long-standing interest in the psychology of individual motivation and group dynamics, the integration of these fields to consider the role of motivation in rewarding and adaptive interpersonal interactions is a very recent focus (O'Hara & Rutsch, 2013; Weinstein, 2014). The way individuals approach one another – and the emotional effects of interpersonal interactions on motivation – is not recognised in rational and cognitive conceptualisations of collective action (Hoggett, 2000) in social-ecological systems (Head, 2016; Anderson, 2017). To address this gap, the research is concerned with the existence of social networks, their wellbeing qualities and the interplays which contextualise collective action. The core questions driving this research are: * How are networks for collective action built and strengthened? * Which network experiences motivate individuals while building their momentum as a collective? * What qualities sustain a network of people? Looking at how volunteering works, when it works, the study examines the social networks of volunteers and the patterns of wellbeing created through network interactions, tracing what possibilities relational structures and the wellbeing dynamics they amplify create for social-ecological systems change. To accomplish an examination of ‘relationships for change', I use a participatory methodology informed by system and complexity concepts to illuminate interrelationships between context, experiences and relationships, which helped me and co-participants to understand and build from what works. To accomplish an analysis of the data generated, I integrate two fields of research: social networks with human wellbeing to understand collective action. I also integrate research from natural resource management and volunteering to situate an examination of collective action in a real-world context. Both the data collection and sense-making processes are anchored in a belief that human development and the challenges that stand in its way – climate change, inequality and poverty – are inherently complex phenomena (Ramalingam et al., 2008; Apgar et al., 2009; Marks, 2011; Bellagio Initiative, 2012; Ramalingam, 2013) requiring that we increase our capacity to work with this complexity rather than simplify the way things are (O'Hara & Lyon, 2014).

Ant colonies are often considered to be a superorganism, exhibiting complex collective behaviors, reproducing at the colony level, and dividing functional roles among groups of workers. For this reason, it is often appropriate to study ant behavior at the colony, rather than the individual, level. In this study, I investigated decision-making and foraging behavior in colonies of several species belonging to the ant community of Sonoran Desert scrub habitat. First, I used laboratory experiments to examine how the spatial structure of Crematogaster torosa colonies changes in response to the availability of temporally stable food sources. I found that in this polydomous species the formation of nests is associated with foraging, but that colonies will build broodless structures called “oustations” regardless of food presence. Next, I examined colony spatial structure of a related polydomous species, Crematogaster opuntiae, in the field. I found that colonies used large foraging territories up to three hectares in size, containing up to twenty nest entrances interconnected by a network of trails. Nest location appeared to be related to foraging, with nests located close to extrafloral nectar-secreting cacti (Ferocactus wislizeni) and a negative relationship between cactus density and territory size. Within colonies, forager behavior on neighboring cacti was not independent at short distances, suggesting that separate plants in this system cannot be treated as independent replicates. In the third chapter, I used an individual-based simulation model to investigate the effects of individual worker behavior on the ability of pheromone-recruiting ant colonies to maintain trails to multiple food sources simultaneously. Interestingly, small changes in the behavior rules used by individuals led to large-scale changes in emergent behaviors at the colony level. Lastly, I used field experiments to relate the ability of colonies of three ant species to maintain multiple trails to their ranking in the community competitive dominance hierarchy. I found that the most dominant species tended to forage asymmetrically, whereas the least dominant species exhibited more symmetrical patterns of foraging. The ability of ant colonies to collectively maintain multiple trails may therefore be an adaptive trait linked to the foraging ecology of species.

Four concepts are considered in relation to the question: can an illuminating characterization of the social sciences be given in terms of one concept of a relatively natural kind of thing? Weber's concept of 'social action' provides neither a general characterization, nor an important partial account, or so I argue after examining its relation to collectivity concepts, to suicide studies, and to standard desiderata for scientific concepts. I next assess the notion of 'meaningful'action. Peter Winch claims that such action is always 'social' in some sense, because it involves rule-following and rules f presuppose' a social setting. I consider the nature of Winch's Wittgensteinian arguments about rules; two senses in which all action might be 'social' emerge; however, were 'social actions' in either sense the focus of a science, it would not therefore aptly be called a social science, the senses of 'social' here being too weak. I turn next to what I allege is Durkheim's basic notion of a 'social fact' , roughly, that of a way of acting which 'inheres in' and is 'produced by' a social group. I present a highly articulated reconstruction of this notion: a 'collective practice', Pr, of a social group, G, will "be a 'Durkheimian social phenomenon', according to this revised conception, if and only if either Pr or another collective practice of G provides members of G who conform to Pr with a 'basic' reason for so conforming. A central element in my account of collective practices is a notion of 'group common knowledge' derived from David Lewis. I finally undertake a detailed critique of David Lewis's account of conventions and of the 'co-ordination problems' Lewis claims underlie conventions; I argue for a kind of account different in form from Lewis's, in which conventions are not, and do not necessarily involve, 'regularities' in behaviour. The Durkheimian notion is judged the best joartial characterization of a social science considered. Its presupposition of the notion of a social group is, I argue, no flaw. I conclude with a general theory of 'socialness', and hence of social science, based on my judgements about the four concepts considered.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2007. / Issued as part of the Canadian electronic library documents collection. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-124).