Omniphobic surfaces found in nature have great potential for enabling novel and emerging products and technologies to facilitate the daily life of human societies. One example is the water and even oilrepellent cuticle of springtails (Collembola). The wingless arthropods evolved a highly textured, hierarchically arranged surface pattern that affords mechanical robustness and wetting resistance even at elevated hydrostatic pressures. Springtail cuticle-derived surfaces therefore promise to overcome limitations of lotus-inspired surfaces (low durability, insufficient repellence of low surface tension liquids). In this review, we report on the liquid-repellent natural surfaces of arthropods living in aqueous or temporarily flooded habitats including water-walking insects or water spiders. In particular, we focus on springtails presenting an overview on the cuticular morphology and chemistry and their biological relevance. Based on the obtained liquid repellence of a variety of liquids with remarkable efficiency, the review provides general design criteria for robust omniphobic surfaces. In particular, the resistance against complete wetting and the mechanical stability strongly both depend on the topographical features of the nano- and micropatterned surface. The current understanding of the underlying principles and approaches to their technological implementation are summarized and discussed.

Omniphobic surfaces found in nature have great potential for enabling novel and emerging products and technologies to facilitate the daily life of human societies. One example is the water and even oilrepellent cuticle of springtails (Collembola). The wingless arthropods evolved a highly textured, hierarchically arranged surface pattern that affords mechanical robustness and wetting resistance even at elevated hydrostatic pressures. Springtail cuticle-derived surfaces therefore promise to overcome limitations of lotus-inspired surfaces (low durability, insufficient repellence of low surface tension liquids). In this review, we report on the liquid-repellent natural surfaces of arthropods living in aqueous or temporarily flooded habitats including water-walking insects or water spiders. In particular, we focus on springtails presenting an overview on the cuticular morphology and chemistry and their biological relevance. Based on the obtained liquid repellence of a variety of liquids with remarkable efficiency, the review provides general design criteria for robust omniphobic surfaces. In particular, the resistance against complete wetting and the mechanical stability strongly both depend on the topographical features of the nano- and micropatterned surface. The current understanding of the underlying principles and approaches to their technological implementation are summarized and discussed.

Die Anwendung von Biokohlen in der Landwirtschaft gewinnt durch die positiven Aspekte der Kohlenstoffsequestrierung, Bodenverbesserung und eines erhöhten Pflanzenwachstums in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung. Deshalb geht die vorliegende Arbeit den Fragen nach, welche Wirkungen unterschiedliche Biokohlen in Kombination mit oder ohne Gärrest und / oder Stickstoffdünger auf die Bodenchemie, Bodenbiologie und Wachstum, Entwicklung, Ertrag, Ertragsstruktur, Nährstoffe sowie Qualität von Nutzpflanzen haben. Außerdem wurden die Effekte unterschiedlicher Biokohlen auf die Wurzelmorphologie von Sommerweizen quantifiziert. Eine weitere Frage war, inwiefern Biokohlen Stickstoffquellen sorbieren. Es wurden ein Feldversuch und mehrere Gefäßversuche durchgeführt, um die Änderungen der Bodenchemie, den Einfluss auf die Bodenbiologie am Beispiel von Collembolen und die Pflanzenparameter zu bestimmen. Für die Wurzeluntersuchungen wurden Rhizoboxversuche durchgeführt und zur Quantifizierung der Stickstoffsorption ein in vitro Versuch angelegt. Die Ergebnisse der Feld- und Gefäßuntersuchungen zeigten, dass die Biokohlen die Bodeneigenschaften positiv beeinflussten. Die Biokohlen nahmen keinen konsistenten Einfluss auf die Erträge von Kulturpflanzen. Die Nährstoffgehalte der Kulturpflanzen konnten zum Teil positiv beeinflusst werden. Die Collembolenabundanzen zeigten sowohl in der Feldstudie als auch im Gefäßversuch keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den getesteten Biokohlen. Hohe Mengen der fermentierten HTC-Biokohle führten zu negativen Wirkungen auf die Collembolenabundanz im Gefäßversuch. Die Rhizoboxversuche zeigten einen positiven Einfluss der Pyro-Biokohle auf die oberirdische und unterirdische Trockenmasse sowie die Wurzelmorphologie von Sommerweizen. Unterschiedliche Stickstoffquellen wurden von der HTC-Biokohle stärker sorbiert als von der Pyro-Biokohle. Generell lässt sich aus den differenzierten Wirkungen der Biokohlen weitere Forschung mit dem Fokus Boden ableiten. / Over the past few years the use of biochars in agriculture has gained more importance due to positive effects on carbon sequestration, soil improvement and increased plant growth. Therefore, the present work pursues the question which effects different biochars have in combination with or without digestate and / or nitrogen fertilizer on soil chemistry, soil biology and growth, development, yield, yield components, nutrients and quality of crops. In addition, the effects of different biochars on root morphology of spring wheat were quantified. Further to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying biochar effects on crops it was studied how biochars sorb various nitrogen sources. A field test and several pot experiments were conducted to determine the changes in soil chemistry, the impact on soil-dwelling Collembola and plant parameters. For the root studies rhizobox experiments were performed. To quantify the nitrogen sorption of biochars an in vitro experiment was conducted. The results of the field test and pot experiments showed that biochars positively affected soil chemical characteristics. However, yields of crops were not consistently affected by biochars. The nutrient content of crops were positively influenced to some extent. The abundance of Collembola was not significantly influenced by the biochars tested in the field study and in the pot experiment. High amounts of fermented HTC-biochar had negative effects on the abundance of Collembola in the pot experiment. Rhizobox experiments showed a positive influence of Pyro-biochar on the aboveground dry matter, belowground dry matter and root morphology (e.g. root length) of spring wheat. Amount and reversibility of nitrogen sorption was dependent on the type of biochar with HTC-biochar sorbing more nitrogen than Pyro- biochar. Generally it can be concluded that because of the different effects of biochars further research with a focus on soil is needed.