This thesis focus is on the design and verification of improvements for the RoScan robotic system texture module. RoScan is a robotic scanner for scanning and diagnosing the human body. In this thesis current texturing module of this system is described. Furthermore this thesis describes the theory of light, color and shading in computer graphics. Subsequently, improvments for RoScan texture module are proposed based on the said principles. The last part deals with the implementation of the test script in Matlab and the verification of the functionality of the proposed solution.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-24T14:27:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE__DIOGO_CAVALCANTI_COSTA.pdf: 8696014 bytes, checksum: 6ecb7de16968f61db789940caeae149e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T14:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE__DIOGO_CAVALCANTI_COSTA.pdf: 8696014 bytes, checksum: 6ecb7de16968f61db789940caeae149e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / CNPQ / Desde os anos 1960, foram criadas inúmeras técnicas para segmentação de imagens, contudo poucas se aproximam do nível de desempenho humano, sendo essas computacionalmente custosas e inadequadas para aplicação em tempo real. Portanto, nesta tese é apresentada uma técnica de segmentação de baixo custo computacional, baseada em descontinuidades e em multirresolução, voltada à detecção de contornos de objetos em imagens naturais – fotografias do mundo real. A estrutura da técnica proposta é dividida em cinco etapas. Na primeira, atributos de cor e foco são realçados na imagem de entrada. O mapeamento de cor realça as diferenças de cor entre os canais RGB e propicia a detecção de bordas entre os canais de cor por operadores de gradiente. Dois modelos de cor de diferença cromática, RhGhBh e LgC, são propostos para esse fim. Também é proposta a transformada de decomposição de cor que segmenta a escala de cor RGB em canais independentes, isolando as cores aditivas e subtrativas, e os tons de cinza. Assim, é possível mensurar a variação local de cada cor para criar um mapeamento das regiões em foco. Na segunda etapa, uma filtragem morfológica para supressão de texturas suaviza as mudanças abruptas de cor no interior das mesmas, possibilitando a identificação de seus contornos e diminuindo a falsa identificação de bordas internas. Na terceira etapa, oito máscaras orientadas, batizadas de máscaras de detecção de contornos, são usadas para calcular o gradiente local, realçando os contornos dos objetos em detrimento de suas bordas internas. Na quarta etapa, um afinamento em tons de cinza é realizado por meio de um empilhamento topológico das bordas erodidas e suavizadas, no qual os pixels de bordas maximamente centralizados são isolados e afinados morfologicamente. Por fim, na quinta etapa, a intensidade das bordas é corrigida função do gradiente local e da densidade local das bordas, realçando os contornos dos objetos. Comparações com técnicas de segmentação recentes e clássicas são conduzidas com auxílio do Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark. Os resultados obtidos posicionam a técnica proposta em quinto lugar no Benchmark, com tempo de processamento inferior a 0,5% do tempo das técnicas melhor classificadas, sendo adequada para uso em tempo real. / Since the 1960’s, numerous image segmentation techniques were developed, however only a few approach human level segmentation, being computationally costly and inadequate to real time applications. Therefore, this Thesis presents a low computational cost multi-resolution and edge-based image segmentation technique for objects’ contour detection in natural images – real world scenes photographs. The proposed technique’s framework is divided into five steps. First, color and focus features are mapped from the input image. The color mapping enhances the color differences between RGB channels, allowing the inter-channel colors edge detection by gradient operators. Two chromatic difference color models are proposed, RhGhBh and LgC. The color decomposition transform is also proposed, which is able to segment the RGB color scale in independent channels, isolating the additive and subtractive colors, and the shades of gray. The transform allows the measurement of the local variation within each color, thus, producing the image´s focus map. In the second step, a morphological texture suppression filtering smoothes abrupt color changes inside textures, allowing textures’ outer edges detection and decreasing the false identification of texture inner edges as objects’ contours. In the third step, eight oriented masks, called contour detection masks, are used to calculate the local gradient, enhancing the objects’ contours over their inner edges. In the fourth step, a grayscale thinning is performed through a topological stacking of eroded and smoothed edges, where the maximally centered edge pixels are isolated and morphologically thinned. Finally, in the fifth step, the edges’ intensities are corrected to reflect the local gradient and the local edges’ density, allowing better identification of objects’ contours. Comparisons with recent and classic segmentation techniques are conducted by the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark. The results rank the proposed segmentation in fith position in the Benchmark, with a processing time below 0.5% of the better ranked techniques, being suitable for real-time applications.

This master's thesis deals with fire detection in videosequences. Attention is paid to the known characteristics of fire and basic principles of existing solutions which deal with this issue. The thesis also describes design, implementation and testing of a fire detector that is based on the recognition of suspicious areas by fire color modeling, combined with detection of motion and light intensity variations.

The aim of this master's thesis was to design, develop and test a method for lossless image compression. The theoretical part includes a description of selected exiting methods such as RLE, MTF, adaptive arithmetic coding, color models used in LOCO-I and JPEG 2000, predictors MED, GAP and laplacian pyramid. The conclusion includes a comparison of various combinations of chosen approaches and overall efficiency compared with PNG and JPEG-LS.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the color parameters for their subsequent use in the design of the device, which will be used to measure their stability in continuous production. The theoretical part defines the basic concepts and knowledge needed to understand the problems. In addition, there are described individual components and sensors suitable for color measurement. The practical part deals mainly with the descrip- tion of the construction of the colorimeter, its individual parts and the creation of the control program. At the end, there are results of the testing of the product and their overall assessment

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se estabelecer uma metodologia para a classificação das cores de imagens digitais em cores perceptuais para se gerar um vetor de características que permita recuperar imagens através de seu conteúdo em uma base de dados. Em trabalhos e estudos correlatos analisados, as metodologias de agrupamento das diversas cores possíveis de uma imagem não permitem uma associação entre a cor digitalizada e a cor percebida por seres humanos. Estudos mostram que a maioria das culturas humanas associam às cores apenas onze termos: vermelho, amarelo, violeta, azul, verde, rosa, marrom, preto, branco, laranja e cinza. Este trabalho propõe, portanto, uma metodologia baseada em regras da lógica fuzzy, que permite associar a todas as possíveis cores de imagens digitais uma das onze cores culturais definidas, criando assim um histograma perceptual de cores. Isso permitiu a geração de um vetor de características para a recuperação de imagens baseada em conteúdo em uma base de dados. / This work aims at establishing a digital image classification methodology based on perceptual colors, by generating a feature vector that allows retrieving images from a database by their content. In related works the methodologies of grouping the diverse possible colors of an image do not allow associate digitized colors and those colors perceived by human beings. Studies show that the majority of human being culture associates only eleven terms to all the possible colors: red, yellow, blue, green, pink, brown, black, white, purple, orange and gray. This work purpose a methodology based on fuzzy logic that allows to associate the eleven cultural color terms with all of digitized colors by a perceptual color histogram. The image color quantization generates a feature vector used for content-based image retrieval. The results show that it is possible to use the perceptual color histogram for CBIR and in the semantic gap reduction.

Color vision deficiency (CVD) is the inability or limited ability to recognize colors and discriminate between them. A person with this condition perceives a narrower range of colors compared to a person with a normal color vision. A growing number of researchers are striving to improve the quality of life for CVD patients. Finding cure, making rectification equipment, providing simulation tools and applying color transformation methods are among the efforts being made by researchers in this field. In this study we concentrate on recoloring digital images in such a way that users with CVD, especially dichromats, perceive more details from the recolored images compared to the original image. The main focus is to give the CVD user a chance to find information within the picture which they could not perceive before. However, this transformed image might look strange or unnatural to users with normal color vision. During this color transformation process, the goal is to keep the overall contrast of the image constant while adjusting the colors that might cause confusion for the CVD user. First, each pixel in the RGB-image is converted to HSV color space in order to be able to control hue, saturation and intensity for each pixel and then safe and problematic hue ranges need to be found. The method for recognizing these ranges was inspired by a condition called “unilateral dichromacy” in which the patient has normal color vision in one eye and dichromacy in another. A special grid-like color card is designed, having constant saturation and intensity over the entire image, while the hue smoothly changes from one block to another to cover the entire hue range. The next step is to simulate the way this color card is perceived by a dichromatic user and finally to find the colors that are perceived identically from two images and the ones that differ too much. This part makes our method highly customizable and we can apply it to other types of CVD, even personalize it for the color vision of a specific observer. The resulting problematic colors need to be dealt with by shifting the hue or saturation based on some pre-defined rules. The results for the method have been evaluated both objectively and subjectively. First, we simulated a set of images as they would be perceived by a dichromat and compared them with simulated view of our transformed images. The results clearly show that our recolored images can eliminate a lot of confusion from user and convey more details. Moreover, an online questionnaire was created and 39 users with CVD confirmed that the transformed images allow them to perceive more information compared to the original images.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se estabelecer uma metodologia para a classificação das cores de imagens digitais em cores perceptuais para se gerar um vetor de características que permita recuperar imagens através de seu conteúdo em uma base de dados. Em trabalhos e estudos correlatos analisados, as metodologias de agrupamento das diversas cores possíveis de uma imagem não permitem uma associação entre a cor digitalizada e a cor percebida por seres humanos. Estudos mostram que a maioria das culturas humanas associam às cores apenas onze termos: vermelho, amarelo, violeta, azul, verde, rosa, marrom, preto, branco, laranja e cinza. Este trabalho propõe, portanto, uma metodologia baseada em regras da lógica fuzzy, que permite associar a todas as possíveis cores de imagens digitais uma das onze cores culturais definidas, criando assim um histograma perceptual de cores. Isso permitiu a geração de um vetor de características para a recuperação de imagens baseada em conteúdo em uma base de dados. / This work aims at establishing a digital image classification methodology based on perceptual colors, by generating a feature vector that allows retrieving images from a database by their content. In related works the methodologies of grouping the diverse possible colors of an image do not allow associate digitized colors and those colors perceived by human beings. Studies show that the majority of human being culture associates only eleven terms to all the possible colors: red, yellow, blue, green, pink, brown, black, white, purple, orange and gray. This work purpose a methodology based on fuzzy logic that allows to associate the eleven cultural color terms with all of digitized colors by a perceptual color histogram. The image color quantization generates a feature vector used for content-based image retrieval. The results show that it is possible to use the perceptual color histogram for CBIR and in the semantic gap reduction.

Current knowledge about impact of colour models on performance of convolutional neural network is investigated in the first part of this thesis. The experiment based on obtained knowledge is conducted in the second part. Six colour models HSV, CIE 1931 XYZ, CIE 1976 L*a*b*, YIQ a YCbCr and deep convolutional neural network ResNet-101 are used. RGB colour model achieved the highest classification accuracy, whereas HSV color model has the lowest accuracy in this experiment.

Detection of objects based on color is not commonly used method of computer vision. There are many methods thats deals with the detection of significant points, but the color information has been omitted. The goal of this thesis is to design method of the detection significant color image areas and these areas match up with areas detected in another image. I analyzed features of detectors required to identify the reciprocal correspondence of images, defined the color significance concept, described basic color models and their properties, and a design of statistically compiled data - based method was described. Algorithms for the detection of color use color models RGB and HSV. Correspondence of areas detected in different images is performedy Kohonen neural network. The first input vector can teach Kohonen neural network and the second vector is classified by this network. To remove erroneous classifications RANSAC method is used. As a result, the method can be used for basic and rapid determination of correspondence between images, or to speed up commonly used methods for detection of significant points. At the end of the thesis are presented programs, showing functionality and options of design methods. The designed algorithms have been developed in MATLAB.