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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Development of an enzyme immobilization platform based on microencapsulation for paper-based biosensors

Zhang, Yufen 11 1900 (has links)
Un papier bioactif est obtenu par la modification d’un papier en y immobilisant une ou plusieurs biomolécules. La recherche et le développement de papiers bioactifs est en plein essor car le papier est un substrat peu dispendieux qui est déjà d’usage très répandu à travers le monde. Bien que les papiers bioactifs n’aient pas connus de succès commercial depuis la mise en marche de bandelettes mesurant le taux de glucose dans les années cinquante, de nombreux groupes de recherche travaillent à immobiliser des biomolécules sur le papier pour obtenir un papier bioactif qui est abordable et possède une bonne durée de vie. Contrairement à la glucose oxidase, l’enzyme utilisée sur ces bandelettes, la majorité des biomolécules sont très fragiles et perdent leur activité très rapidement lorsqu’immobilisées sur des papiers. Le développement de nouveaux papiers bioactifs pouvant détecter des substances d’intérêt ou même désactiver des pathogènes dépend donc de découverte de nouvelles techniques d’immobilisation des biomolécules permettant de maintenir leur activité tout en étant applicable dans la chaîne de production actuelle des papiers fins. Le but de cette thèse est de développer une technique d’immobilisation efficace et versatile, permettant de protéger l’activité de biomolécules incorporées sur des papiers. La microencapsulation a été choisie comme technique d’immobilisation car elle permet d’enfermer de grandes quantités de biomolécules à l’intérieur d’une sphère poreuse permettant leur protection. Pour cette étude, le polymère poly(éthylènediimine) a été choisi afin de générer la paroi des microcapsules. Les enzymes laccase et glucose oxidase, dont les propriétés sont bien établies, seront utilisées comme biomolécules test. Dans un premier temps, deux procédures d’encapsulation ont été développées puis étudiées. La méthode par émulsion produit des microcapsules de plus petits diamètres que la méthode par encapsulation utilisant un encapsulateur, bien que cette dernière offre une meilleure efficacité d’encapsulation. Par la suite, l’effet de la procédure d’encapsulation sur l’activité enzymatique et la stabilité thermique des enzymes a été étudié à cause de l’importance du maintien de l’activité sur le développement d’une plateforme d’immobilisation. L’effet de la nature du polymère utilisé pour la fabrication des capsules sur la conformation de l’enzyme a été étudié pour la première fois. Finalement, l’applicabilité des microcapsules de poly(éthylèneimine) dans la confection de papiers bioactifs a été démontré par le biais de trois prototypes. Un papier réagissant au glucose a été obtenu en immobilisant des microcapsules contenant l’enzyme glucose oxidase. Un papier sensible à l’enzyme neuraminidase pour la détection de la vaginose bactérienne avec une plus grande stabilité durant l’entreposage a été fait en encapsulant les réactifs colorimétriques dans des capsules de poly(éthylèneimine). L’utilisation de microcapsules pour l’immobilisation d’anticorps a également été étudiée. Les avancées au niveau de la plateforme d’immobilisation de biomolécules par microencapsulation qui ont été réalisées lors de cette thèse permettront de mieux comprendre l’effet des réactifs impliqués dans la procédure de microencapsulation sur la stabilité, l’activité et la conformation des biomolécules. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la plateforme d’immobilisation développée peut être appliquée pour la confection de nouveaux papiers bioactifs. / Biosensing paper attracts increasing attention due to its benefits of being simple, visible, portable and useful for detecting various contaminants, pathogens and toxins. While there has been no bioactive paper commercialized since glucose paper strips developed in the fifties, many research groups are working to immobilize biomolecules on paper to achieve a bioactive paper that is affordable and has good shelf life. The goal of this research is to develop some highly useful bioactive paper that could, for example, measure blood glucose, or immediately detect and simultaneously deactivate pathogens such as neuraminidase and E.coli. Previously, bioactive paper was produced either through physically absorbing biorecognition elements or printing bio-ink onto paper substrate. Our methodology for fabrication of bioactive paper strips is compatible with existing paper making process and includes three procedures: the fabrication of microcapsules, enzyme or antibody microencapsulation, immobilization of enzymes or antibody-entrapped microcapsules into paper pulp. The first step, in fabricating of bioactive paper strips is to produce biocompatible and inexpensive microcapsules with suitable parameters. To do so, two types of microencapsulation methods were compared; the emulsion method and the vibration nozzle method accomplished with an encapsulator. The parameters for producing optimal microcapsules with both methods were studied. Factors that affect their diameter, wall thickness, shell pore size, encapsulation efficiency and membrane compositions were also discussed. By comparison, microcapsules prepared with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) by the emulsion method exhibit properties that were more suitable for enzyme encapsulation and paper making process, whereas the microcapsules prepared by the vibration nozzle method were too big to be immobilized within paper pulp, and had lower encapsulation efficiency, enzymatic activity and productivity. Thus the emulsion method was chosen for subsequent experiments such as enzyme and antibody microencapsulation and bacterial vaginosis (BV) paper preparation. Microcapsules made by the emulsion method were semi-permeable in that the diffusion of substrate and product molecules were allowed freely across the membranes but the encapsulated enzymes would be retained inside. Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (GOx) and laccase from Trametes versicolor (TvL) microcapsules showed high encapsulation efficiency, but the encapsulation process caused a severe decrease in the specific activities of both enzymes. Results from circular dichroism (CD) studies, fluorescence properties, enzymatic activities of free enzymes and Michaelis-Menten behavior demonstrated that the Vmax decrease for GOx was due to the restriction of diffusion across microcapsule membranes with pore size less than 5 nm. The microencapsulation process improved the thermal stability of GOx but decreased that of laccase. Bioactive papers were fabricated either by incorporating microcapsules containing different enzymes or empty microcapsules soaked in substrate and enhancer solution into the paper pulp during the sheet making process. Both the GOx and the BV paper strips underwent a color change in the presence of glucose and potassium iodide, and sialidase from Clostridium perfringens respectively. Some preliminary studies on antibody sensitized microcapsules, in which antibody was either encapsulated within the PEI microcapsules or conjugated to its membranes, were also performed. Our objective was to establish an enzyme immobilization platform based on microencapsulation techniques for paper based biosensors. Even though our current studies only focused on the microencapsulation of two enzymes, TvL and GOx, as well as the bioactive paper preparation, a similar approach can be applied to other enzymes. We believe that this immobilization method can potentially be employed for bioactive paper preparation on an industrial scale.
132

Selenium redox cycling; isolation and characterization of a stimulatory component from tissue of loblolly pine for multiplication of somatic embryos; development of an assay to measure l-phenylalanine concentration in blood plasma

DeSilva, Veronica 25 June 2007 (has links)
Exogenously supplied organoselenium compounds, capable of propagating a selenium redox cycle, were shown to supplement natural cellular defenses against oxidants generated during biological activity. Phenylaminoalkyl selenides were developed in our laboratory as novel substrate analogs for the enzyme dopamine beta-monooxygenase. Recently, phenylaminoalkyl selenides were found to protect plasmid DNA and Molecular beacons from oxoperoxynitrate – mediated damage by scavenging this oxidant and forming the corresponding selenoxides as the sole selenium – containing products. Rate constants were determined for the reactions of the phenylaminoalkyl selenoxides with GSH at physiological pH and 25 degrees C. The kinetic data obtained in current and previous research was subsequently used in a MatLab simulation, which showed the feasibility of selenium redox cycling by GSH in the presence of a cellular oxidant, oxoperoxynitrate. Loblolly pine (LP, Pinus taeda) is the primary commercial species in southern forests covering 11.7 million hectares. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an effective technique to implement production of high value genotypes of LP. SE is a multi-step process, which includes initiation of somatic embryo (SME) growth from tree tissue, maintenance and multiplication of early stage SMEs and the maturation / germination phase. In this work, we isolated a substance from stage 2 or 3 LP female gametophyte (FG) tissue that stimulates early stage SME growth, and characterized this substance as citric acid on the basis of 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. We then demonstrated that topical application of citric acid to SMEs stimulates embryo colony growth at p = 0.05 for 3 of the 5 genotypes tested. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by an impaired conversion of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) to L-tyrosine (L-Tyr). A novel assay based on enzymatic - colorimetric methodology (ECA) was developed in order to detect elevated concentrations of L-Phe in undeproteinized plasma of PKU patients via continuous spectrophotometric detection. We report here that L-Phe concentrations in undeproteinized plasma measured using our ECA were comparable to those determined on an amino acid analyzer based on Pearson correlation coefficients and a Bland and Altman comparison.
133

Caractérisation des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et anticancéreuses de la plante Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC) Polh. & Wiens (Loranthaceae) utilisée en médecine traditionnelle au Burkina Faso / Characterization of anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC) Polh. & Wiens (Loranthaceae) used in traditional medicine plant in Burkina Faso

Boly, Raïnatou 07 January 2012 (has links)
Le présent travail a porté sur l’évaluation des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et anticancéreuses de Agelanthus dodoneifolius (Loranthaceae), communément appelée «gui africain». Cette plante hémiparasite est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle africaine pour le traitement de pathologies chroniques telles que l’asthme, l’hypertension, des gastroentérites et le cancer. Actuellement, les maladies chroniques représentent un problème mondial de santé publique. En effet, elles constituent la première cause de mortalité dans le monde surtout dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. <p><p>Cette étude a été réalisée dans le but d’apporter une validation scientifique quant à certaines utilisations traditionnelles de Agelanthus dodoneifolius. <p>Pour évaluer l’effet anti-inflammatoire de Agelanthus dodoneifolius, nous avons testé les différentes fractions de la plante sur la production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, la libération et l’activité spécifique de la myéloperoxydase (MPO), enzyme libérée par le neutrophile au cours de la phagocytose pour détruire les microorganismes. L’identification et la quantification des composés a été faite grâce à une combinaison des méthodes chromatographiques, spectrophotométriques et spectrométriques. L’activité anticancéreuse de Agelanthus dodoneifolius a consisté, d’abord, à déterminer l’effet d’inhibition de croissance de diverses fractions de la plante, de la quercétine ainsi que de ses dérivés sur des lignées cellulaires cancéreuses. Nous avons ensuite déterminé les effets de la quercétine sur l’activité de plus de 300 kinases. <p><p>Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’Agelanthus dodoneifolius est capable de moduler les activités biologiques des neutrophiles. En effet, le décocté aqueux et les fractions organiques de la plante inhibent de manière dose-dépendante la production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, la dégranulation du neutrophile et l’activité spécifique de la myéloperoxydase. Nous avons pu identifier et quantifier dix composés polyphénoliques dont quatre acides phénoliques :l’acide gallique, l’acide coumarique, l’acide chlorogénique et l’acide ellagique et six flavonoïdes :la quercétine, le kaempférol, la catéchine, l’isoquercitrine ou quercétine 3-O-glucoside, la rutine et la miquelianine ou quercétine-3-O-glucuronide. <p>Concernant l’activité anticancéreuse, les résultats montrent que seules les fractions à l’éther diéthylique et à l’acétate d’éthyle ont une activité antiproliférative. La quercétine a des effets inhibiteurs de croissance, cytostatiques et présente un large spectre d’activité sur plusieurs kinases surexprimées dans certains cancers. <p><p>En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces résultats constitue des bases scientifiques qui pourraient justifier certaines utilisations traditionnelles de Agelanthus dodoneifolius. <p>À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à évaluer d’une part l’effet, in vitro, des différentes fractions de Agelanthus dodoneifolius sur des neutrophiles stimulés et sur la MPO et d’autre part l’effet inhibiteur de croissance de lignées cellulaires cancéreuses par certaines fractions de la plante. En outre, cette étude a permis pour la première fois d’identifier et de quantifier des composés polyphénoliques dans Agelanthus dodoneifolius. Les nombreuses propriétés de ces composés, notamment celles anti-inflammatoires et anticancéreuses, peuvent expliquer en partie les résultats reportés dans ce travail.<p><p>This work focused on evaluating anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Agelanthus dodoneifolius (Loranthaceae), commonly called "African mistletoe". This plant is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of chronic conditions such as asthma, hypertension, gastroenteritis and cancer. Currently, chronic diseases are a global public health problem. Indeed, they are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in countries with low and middle income.<p>The study was conducted to provide scientific validation for some traditional uses of Agelanthus dodoneifolius.<p><p>To characterize the anti-inflammatory activity of Agelanthus dodoneifolius, we tested the different fractions of the plant on reactive oxygen species production, release and the specific activity of myeloperoxidase, an enzyme released by neutrophils during phagocytosis to destroy microorganisms. The identification and quantification of compounds were made through a combination of chromatographic, spectrophotometric and spectrometric techniques. The anticancer activity of Agelanthus dodoneifolius consisted, first, to determine, the antiproliferative effect of fractions of the plant, quercetin and its derivatives on cancer cell lines. Then, we determined the effects of quercetin on the activity of more than 300 kinases.<p><p>The results show that Agelanthus dodoneifolius is capable of modulating the biological activities of neutrophils. In fact, the decoction aqueous and organic fractions of the plant inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the production of reactive oxygen species, degranulation of neutrophils and specific activity of myeloperoxidase. <p>We were able to identify and quantify ten polyphenolic compounds including four phenolic acids: gallic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid and six flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, isoquercitrin or quercetin 3-O-glucoside, rutin and miquelianin or quercetin-3-O-glucuronide.<p>Regarding the anticancer activity, the results show that only fractions with diethyl ether and ethyl acetate have antiproliferative activity. Quercetin has antiproliferative and cytostatic effects and presents a broad spectrum of activity on several kinases overexpressed in certain cancers.<p><p>In conclusion, all these findings are scientific basis that could justify some traditional uses of Agelanthus dodoneifolius. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect firstly, by in vitro tests, of the different fractions of Agelanthus dodoneifolius on stimulated neutrophils and the MPO and secondly the growth inhibitory effect of cancer cell lines by certain fractions. Also, this study is the first to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in Agelanthus dodoneifolius. The many properties of these compounds, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer, may partly explain the results reported in the present work. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
134

New approaches for the development of chromo-fluorogenic sensors for chemical species of biological, industrial and environmental interest

Santos Figueroa, Luis Enrique 23 March 2015 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / El presente proyecto de investigación está enfocado al desarrollo de sensores químicos fluoro-cromogénicos, para la detección y determinación de especies químicas de interés biológico, industrial y medioambiental de forma selectiva y con alta sensibilidad. En forma general, se busca el diseñar nuevos sistemas sensores basados en compuestos (receptores) formados por dos unidades: una unidad coordinante que interacciona con el anión a determinar y una unidad generadora de señal que alerta del reconocimiento molecular efectuado. Durante este estudio se están preparando diversas moléculas receptoras funcionalizandas con grupos modificadores de estructura para evaluar su influencia sobre las capacidades de detección y selectividad como receptores de especies específicas en diferentes condiciones y medios. Las diferentes aproximaciones en prueba implican a su vez el diseño y síntesis molecular, así como el análisis de las diferentes señales ópticas producidas en el reconocimiento, con el fin de diseñar sistemas de alta eficacia y eficiencia, y con posibilidades reales de aplicación. / Santos Figueroa, LE. (2014). New approaches for the development of chromo-fluorogenic sensors for chemical species of biological, industrial and environmental interest [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/43216 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio
135

Selection and Characterization of ssDNA Aptamers for Salivary Peptide Histatin 3 and Their Application Towards Assay and Point-of-Care Biosensing

Ojha, Yagya Raj January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
136

SCALABLE MANUFACTURING OF PRINTED APTASENSORS: DETECTION OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

Lixby Susana Diaz (8464110) 21 June 2022 (has links)
<p>The development of low-cost, and reliable platforms for on-site detection of pathogenic agents, and toxic environmental traces is still a critical need for real-time monitoring of potential environmental pollution and imminent outbreaks. The biosensors market is projected to attain 31.5 billion by 2024. In this landscape, colorimetric and electrochemical devices continue to have significant relevance, with paper-based platforms leading the point-of-care (POC) segment for pathogen detection and environmental monitoring.</p> <p>Despite the true potential of biosensors in general, they have witnessed a slow rate in commercialization, mainly due to cost restrictions, and concerns related to their reliability and repeatability once scaled-up. This research evaluates the implementation of printing techniques as a strong approach for the fabrication of paper-based and flexible electrochemical biosensors. The results obtained demonstrated the ability to control and predict the variables affecting the sensing performance, achieving high precision of the printing parameters, and allowing optimization, and iterations since very early stages of prototype development.</p> <p>Besides the novel fabrication approach, this work introduces the use of truncated aptameric DNA sequences for whole cell detection of E. coli O157:H7 and heavy metals (Hg2+ and As3+), providing evidence of high stability and robustness under harsh conditions. Results obtained demonstrate their equal or even superior performance when compared to antibodies.</p> <p>We established the use of aptamer-functionalized multilayered label particles (PEI-grafted gold decorated polystyrene) with high stability as label particles. These particles address the well known drawback of non-selective aggregation typical of traditional naked Gold nanoparticles. The outstanding stability of these multilayered labels was demonstrated when used in an enhanced version of the lateral flow assay for detection of E. coli O157:H7 (state of the art for paper-based colorimetric detection of whole cell bacteria), and in a multiplexed paper-based microfluidic device for dual detection of Mercury and Arsenic. This work sets the foundation of the development of a next generation of health care and environmental monitoring devices that are portable, sensitive, quantitative, and can reliably detect multiple targets with one single test.</p>

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