This thesis is dedicated to the coloring of cubic graphs. It summarizes the knowledge we have about so called Steiner coloring, which is an edge-coloring such that the colors incident with one vertex form a triple of some partial Steiner system. The main objects of interest are the projective and affine systems. Afterwards the sufficient condition for universality of the system is stated and it is observed, that all other transitive Steiner triple systems satisfy it. This thesis also contains methods of construction of the coloring for the Fano plane, for the affine system Z3 3 and for the universal system created as a product of the Fano plane and the trivial system (F7 S⊠ 3). Finally an algorithm usable for the rest of the systems and graphs with bounded treewidth is presented.

A proper edge coloring of G =(V,E)is a map c : E → C (where C is the set of available colors ) with c(e) ≠ c(ƒ) for any adjacent edges e,f. The minimum number of colors needed to properly color the edges of G, is called the chromatic index of Gand is denoted by χ(G). A proper edge coloring c is called acyclic if there are no bichromatic cycles in the graph. In other words an edge coloring is acyclic if the union of any two color classes induces a set of paths (i.e., linear forest) in G. The acyclic edge chromatic number (also called acyclic chromatic index), denoted by a’(G), is the minimum number of colors required to acyclically edge color G. The primary motivation for this thesis is the following conjecture by Alon, Sudakov and Zaks [7] (and independently by Fiamcik [22]): Acyclic Edge Coloring Conjecture: For any graph G, a’ (G) ≤ Δ(G)+2. The following are the main results of the thesis: 1 From a result of Burnstein [16], it follows that any subcubic graph can be acyclically edge colored using at most 5 colors. Skulrattankulchai [38] gave a polynomial time algorithm to color a subcubic graph using Δ + 2 = 5 colors. We proved that any non-regular subcubic graph can be acyclically colored using only 4 colors. This result is tight. This also implies that the fifth color, when needed is required only for one edge. 2 Let G be a connected graph on n vertices, m ≤ 2n - 1 edges and maximum degree Δ ≤ 4, then a’ (G) ≤ 6. This implies that graph of maximum degree 4 are acyclically edge colorable using at most 7 colors. 3 The earliest result on acyclic edge coloring of 2-degenerate graphs was by Caro and Roditty [17], where they proved that a’ (G) ≤ Δ + k - 1, where k is the maximum edge connectivity, defined as k = maxu,vε V(G)λ(u,v), where λ(u,v)is the edge-connectivity of the pair u,v. Note that here k can be as high as Δ. Muthu,Narayanan and Subramanian [34] proved that a’ (G) ≤ Δ + 1for outerplanar graphs which are a subclass of 2-degenerate graphs and posed the problem of proving the conjecture for 2-degenerate graphs as an open problem. In fact they have also derived an upper bound of Δ+1 for series-parallel graphs [35], which is a slightly bigger subclass of 2-degenerate graphs. We proved that 2-degenerate graphs are Δ+1colorable. 1 Fiedorowicz, Hauszczak and Narayanan [24] gave an upper bound of 2Δ+29 for planar graphs. Independently Hou, Wu, GuiZhen Liu and Bin Liu [29] gave an upper bound of max(2Δ - 2,Δ+ 22). We improve this upper bound to Δ+12, which is the best known bound at present. 2 Fiedorowicz, Hauszczak and Narayanan [24] gave an upper bound of Δ+6for triangle free planar graphs. We improve the bound to Δ+3, which is the best known bound at present. 3 We have also worked on lower bounds. Alon et.al. [7], along with the acyclic edge coloring conjecture, also made an auxiliary conjecture stating that Complete graphs of 2n vertices are the only class of regular graphs which require Δ+2colors. We disproved this conjecture by showing infinite classes of regular graphs other than Complete Graphs which require Δ+2colors. Apart from the above mentioned results, this thesis also contributes to the acyclic edge coloring literature by introducing new techniques like Recoloring, Color Exchange (exchanging colors of adjacent edges), circular shifting of colors on adjacent edges (derangement of colors). These techniques turn out to be very useful in proving upper bounds on the acyclic edge chromatic number.

Un k-coloriage total d'un graphe G est un coloriage de V(G)cup E(G) utilisant (1,2,…,k) couleurs tel qu'aucune paire d'éléments adjacents ou incidents ne reçoivent la même couleur. Le nombre chromatique total chi''(G) est le plus petit entier k tel que G admette un k-coloriage total. Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions la coloration totale de graphe planaires et obtenons 3 résultats : (1) Soit G un graphe planaire avec pour degré maximum Deltageq8. Si toutes les paires de 6-cycles cordaux ne sont pas adjacentes dans G, alors chi''(G)=Delta+1. (2) Soit G un graphe planaire avec pour degré maximum Deltageq8. Si tout 7-cycle de G contient au plus deux cordes, alors chi''(G)=Delta+1. (3) Soit G un graphe planaire sans 5-cycles cordaux qui s'intersectent, c'est à dire tel que tout sommet ne soit incident qu'à au plus un seul 5-cycle cordal. Si Deltageq7, alors chi''(G)=Delta+1.Une relation L est appelé assignation pour un graphe G s'il met en relation chaque x à une liste de couleur. S'il est possible de colorier G tel que la couleur de chaque x soit présente dans la liste qu'il lui a été assignée, et qu'aucune paire de sommets adjacents n'aient la même couleur, alors on dit que G est L-coloriable. Un graphe G est k-selectionable si G est L-coloriable pour toute assignation L de G qui satisfait |L(v)geq k| pour tout x. Nous démontrons que si chaque 5-cycle de G n'est pas simultanément adjacent à des 3-cycles et des 4-cycles, alors G est 4-sélectionable. Dans le chapitre 3, nous prouvons que si aucun des 5-cycles de G n'est adjacent à un 4-cycles, alors chi'_l(G)=Delta et chi''_l(G)=Delta+1 si Delta(G)geq8, et chi'_l(G)leqDelta+1 et chi''_l(G)leqDelta+2 si Delta(G)geq6.Dans le chapitre 4, nous allons fournir une définition du coloriage total somme-des-voisins-distinguant, et passer en revue les progrgrave{e}s et conjecture concernant ce type de coloriage. Soit f(v) la somme des couleurs d'un sommet v et des toutes les arrêtes incidentes à v. Un k-coloriage total somme-des-voisins-distinguant de G est un k coloriage total de G tel que pour chaque arrête uvin E(G), f(u)eq f(v). Le plus petit k tel qu'on ai un tel coloriage sur G est appelé le nombre chromatique total somme-des-voisins-distinguant, noté chi''_{sum} (G). Nous avons démontré que si un graphe G avec degré maximum Delta(G) peut être embedded dans une surface Sigma de caractéristique eulérienne chi(Sigma)geq0, alors chi_{sum}^{''}(G)leq max{Delta(G)+2, 16}.Une forêt linéaire est un graphe pour lequel chaque composante connexe est une chemin. L'arboricité linéaire la(G) d'un graphe G tel que définie est le nombre minimum de forêts linéaires dans G, dont l'union est égale à V(G). Dans le chapitre 5, nous prouvons que si G est une graphe planaire tel que tout 7-cycle de G contienne au plus deux cordes, alors G est linéairementleft lceil frac{Delta+1}{2}ightceil-sélectionable si Delta(G)geq6, et G est linéairement left lceil frac{Delta}{2}ightceil-sélectionable si Delta(G)geq 11. / A k-total-coloring of a graph G is a coloring of V(G)cup E(G) using (1,2,…,k) colors such that no two adjacent or incident elements receive the same color．The total chromatic number chi''(G) is the smallest integer k such that G has a k-total-coloring. In chapter 2, we study total coloring of planar graphs and obtain three results: (1) Let G be a planar graph with maximum degree Deltageq8. If every two chordal 6-cycles are not adjacent in G, then chi''(G)=Delta+1. (2) Let G be a planar graph G with maximum degree Deltageq8. If any 7-cycle of G contains at most two chords, then chi''(G)=Delta+1. (3) Let G be a planar graph without intersecting chordal 5-cycles, that is, every vertex is incident with at most one chordal 5-cycle. If Deltageq7, then chi''(G)=Delta+1.A mapping L is said to be an assignment for a graph G if it assigns a list L(x) of colors to each xin V(G)cup E(G). If it is possible to color G so that every vertex gets a color from its list and no two adjacent vertices receive the same color, then we say that G is L-colorable. A graph G is k-choosable if G is an L-colorable for any assignment L for G satisfying |L(x)|geq k for every vertex xin V(G)cup E(G). We prove that if every 5-cycle of G is not simultaneously adjacent to 3-cycles and 4-cycles, then G is 4-choosable. In chapter 3, if every 5-cycles of G is not adjacent to 4-cycles, we prove that chi'_l(G)=Delta, chi''_l(G)=Delta+1 if Delta(G)geq8, and chi'_l(G)leqDelta+1, chi''_l(G)leqDelta+2 if Delta(G)geq6.In chapter 4, we will give the definition of neighbor sum distinguishing total coloring. Let f(v) denote the sum of the colors of a vertex v and the colors of all incident edges of v. A total k-neighbor sum distinguishing-coloring of G is a total k-coloring of G such that for each edge uvin E(G), f(u)eq f(v). The smallestnumber k is called the neighbor sum distinguishing total chromatic number, denoted by chi''_{sum} (G). Pilsniak and Wozniak conjectured that for any graph G with maximum degree Delta(G) holds that chi''_{sum} (G)leqDelta(G)+3. We prove for a graph G with maximum degree Delta(G) which can be embedded in a surface Sigma of Euler characteristic chi(Sigma)geq0, then chi_{sum}^{''}(G)leq max{Delta(G)+2, 16}.Lastly, we study the linear L-choosable arboricity of graph. A linear forest is a graph in which each component is a path. The linear arboricity la(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of linear forests in G, whose union is the set of all edges of G. A list assignment L to the edges of G is the assignment of a set L(e)subseteq N of colors to every edge e of G, where N is the set of positive integers. If G has a coloring varphi (e) such that varphi (e)in L(e) for every edge e and (V(G),varphi^{-1}(i)) is a linear forest for any iin C_{varphi}, where C_{varphi }=left { varphi (e)|ein E(G)ight }, then we say that G is linear L-colorable and varphi is a linear L-coloring of G. We say that G is linear k-choosable if it is linear L-colorable for every list assignment L satisfying |L(e)| geq k for all edges e. The list linear arboricity la_{list}(G) of a graph G is the minimum number k for which G is linear k-list colorable. It is obvious that la(G)leq la_{list}(G). In chapter 5, we prove that if G is a planar graph such that every 7-cycle of G contains at most two chords, then G is linear left lceil frac{Delta+1}{2}ightceil-choosable if Delta(G)geq6, and G is linear left lceil frac{Delta}{2}ightceil-choosable if Delta(G)geq 11.

This study examined the role of specific pattern coloring, such as coloring books for adults, on conceptual, behavioral and physiological measures of anxiety. Undergraduate female students (n = 8) had ECG electrodes and a respiration belt attached and completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at five time points; at baseline, after an initial autobiographical anxiety induction, following a passive relaxation condition, after a repeat induction and then after a coloring condition. The participants were randomly split into a control and experimental group; the control group free colored while the experimental group colored in a mandala pattern. Participants had the option of coloring before bed to test the effect of coloring on sleep onset latency. The electrodes and respiration belt measured heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) data and MATLAB transformed the raw data to produce heart rate variability (HRV) values. The self-report data indicated that the manipulation did not induce anxiety and that there was no reduction in anxiety after the coloring conditions. Physiological data indicated that the manipulation successfully induced anxiety, however, there was no significant reduction in anxiety. Although the results of this study were not significant, they suggest that with a larger sample size, it would be possible to see an effect of specific pattern coloring on the reduction of anxiety.

Chipping varieties and model systems were used to determine the role of potato constituents on chip color. Composition was evaluated by HPLC and chip color measured using a ColorQuest colorimeter. Reducing sugar (RS) content did not completely explain color quality when present in low concentrations (<60 mg/lOOg). Levels of ascorbic acid, glutamine and a chlorogenic acid isomer, along with RS, showed high correlation with color. Sucrose was a poor estimator of chip color. Model systems used leached potato slices infiltrated with solutions containing sucrose, RS, ascorbic, chlorogenic and amino acids. Linear association of RS with L* and hue angle and quadratic relationship with chroma of chips were found. Ascorbic acid affected chroma and hue at low RS levels while chlorogenic acid was not involved in color development. Red potatoes {Solarium tuberosum and Solarium stenotomum) were evaluated as potential source of natural red colorant. Cultivars (33) were screened for anthocyanin content and qualitative composition. Monomeric anthocyanin content, determined by pH differential, ranged between 4 and 40 mg/lOOg fresh weight (fw) tuber. Varieties 5847-1 and ND04069-4 showed high anthocyanin content (>35 mg/lOOg). Anthocyanin composition was characterized by HPLC, spectral analysis and Mass Spectroscopy (MS). The major anthocyanin was pelargonidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside acylated with p-coumaric acid. The presence of glycoalkaloids (α-solanine and α-chaconine) was detected by MS and quantified by HPLC. Varieties NDO4069-4 and 5847-1 showed glycoalkaloid levels of 13 and 7 mg/lOOg fw, respectively. Glycoalkaloids were precipitated from pigment concentrates by alkaline treatment. The best results were obtained at pH 8.0 with 30% monomeric anthocyanin degradation and 90% glycoalkaloid precipitation. The color and pigment stability of chemically related anthocyanin extracts (red-fleshed potatoes and radishes), the effect of pigment purity, and temperature were evaluated in model juices (pH 3.5). Color (CIELch) and anthocyanin degradation was monitored for 65 wks of storage. All model juices showed color similar to FD&C Red # 40. Excellent stability was obtained with all treatments in refrigeration. Anthocyanin structure and extraction method affected pigment stability. At 25°C, higher stability was obtained on juices colored with chemically purified radish anthocyanins (22 wk half-life) and lowest with potato vegetable juice (10 wk half-life). / Graduation date: 1999

Orientador: Fernando Lucas Primo / Banca: Alberto Colli Badino Júnior / Banca: Ariela Veloso de Paula / Resumo: O controle da qualidade dos resultados de análises químicas tem sido cada vez mais exigido devido ao grande prejuízo que dados analíticos não confiáveis podem gerar, principalmente quando se diz respeito à segurança do produto, e às consequências financeiras irreversíveis que pode causar. Para garantir a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos durante as etapas analíticas é necessário que o método empregado seja validado. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa desenvolver e validar um método espectroanalítico para determinação de corantes vermelho e derivados livre e nanoencapsulado, por espectroscopia de absorção e emissão de fluorescência no UV-Vis, como métodos alternativos aos cromatográficos tradicionais. A partir da espectroscopia de absorção e emissão de fluorescência no UV-visível utilizando-se o espectrofotômetro modelo Genesys 10s da Thermo Scientific e espectrofluorímetro Shimadzu RF6000 desenvolveu-se um protocolo experimental para determinação da curva de correlação entre máximo de emissão de absorção e emissão de fluorescência em função de diferentes concentrações de quinizarina. O método foi determinado com número de repetição (n) igual a 3. Os parâmetros de aquisição dos espectros de fluorescência foram fixados com um comprimento de onda de excitação igual a 480 nm, fendas de excitação e emissão igual a 10/10 nm, respectivamente, com emissão na faixa de 520 a 680 nm. As amostras foram preparadas com auxílio de uma micropipeta (10,0 uL Eppendorf) a partir de di... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Quality control of chemical analysis results has been increasingly required because of the great harm that unreliable analytical data can generate, especially when it comes to product safety, and the irreversible financial consequences it can cause. To guarantee the reliability of the results obtained during the analytical steps it is necessary that the method employed be validated. In this context, the present work aims to develop and validate a spectroanalytical method for the determination of red dyes and free and nanoencapsulated derivatives, by absorption spectroscopy and UV-Vis fluorescence emission, as alternative methods to traditional chromatographic methods. UV-visible fluorescence emission and absorption spectroscopy using the Genesys 10s spectrophotometer from Thermo Scientific and Shimadzu RF6000 spectrofluorimeter was developed an experimental protocol for determination of the correlation curve between maximum emission of absorption and emission of fluorescence as a function of different concentrations of quinizarin. The method was determined with repeat number (n) equal to 3. The acquisition parameters of the fluorescence spectra were set with an excitation wavelength equal to 480 nm, excitation and emission slots equal to 10/10 nm, respectively, with emission in the range of 520 to 680 nm. The samples were prepared using a micropipette (10.0 μL Eppendorf) from infinite dilution in acetonitrile (2.0 mL), directly into a 10 mm optical path quartz cuvette, starting with an initial solution of quinizarin 1.00 mg / mL in dimethylsulfoxide. The methods showed linearity in the range of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

by Yuen Pui-yee, Joyce. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 213-221). / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Problems of Pollution From Textile Industries --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current Treatment Methods of Wastewater from Textile Industries --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Adverse Effects of Dyes on the Environment --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Classification of Dyes --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Azo Dyes --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Metabolisms of Azo Dyes in Microbial and Animal Systems --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7 --- "Toxicity, Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Azo Dyes" --- p.31 / Chapter 1.8 --- Removal of Azo Dyes --- p.35 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Biological Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Physico-chemical Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 1.9 --- Purposes of Study --- p.50 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.53 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- "Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Methyl Red-degrading and N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Microbial Isolates" --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- "Isolation of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates from Dye- containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil" --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Selection of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- "Enrichment of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria from Dye-containing wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- "Isolation of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Selection of N，N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- "Identification of the Selected Methyl Red-degrading and N,N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Correlationship of Dry Weight and Absorbance of Cells of Selected Methyl Red-degrading Bacterial Isolates --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- "Characterization of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Chemical Stability of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Change of UV-Vis Spectra of Methyl Red and N，N-Dimethyl-p- phenylene diamine at Different pH and Matrixes --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- "UV-Vis Spectra and Standard Curves of Methyl Red, N，N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- "HPLC separation of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methyl Red Degradation by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Monitoring of Percentage of Methyl Red Cleaved, Degradation Value of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o- Aminobenzoic acid, and Growth of Selected Methyl Red- degrading Bacteria by Spectrophotometric Analysis " --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Study of Degrading Products of Methyl Red by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4 --- Degradation of Other Azo Dyes by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.73 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- "Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Methyl Red-degrading and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Microbial Isolates " --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- "Isolation of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates from Dye- containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Selection of Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- "Enrichment of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria from Dye-containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- "Isolation of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- "Selection of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- "Identification of the Selected Methyl Red-degrading and N,N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria " --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Correlationship of Dry Weight and Absorbance of Cells of Selected Methyl Red-degrading Bacterial Isolates --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Characterization of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Chemical Stability of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Change of UV-Vis Spectra of Methyl Red and N,N-Dimethyl-p- phenylene diamine at Different pH and Matrixes " --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "UV-Vis Spectra and Standard Curves of Methyl Red, N，N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- "HPLC Separation of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methyl Red Degradation by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Monitoring of Percentage of Methyl Red Cleaved and Degradation Value of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid and Growth of Selected Methyl Red- degrading Bacterial Isolates by Spectrophotometric Analysis " --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Study of Degradation Products of Methyl Red by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates by HPLC --- p.175 / Chapter 4.4 --- Degradation of Other Azo Dyes by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.175 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.181 / Chapter 5.1 --- "Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Methyl Red-degrading and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Microbial Isolates " --- p.181 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- "Isolation and Selection of Methyl Red-degrading Microbes from Dye-containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.181 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- "Isolation and Selection of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine- degrading Microbial Isolates from Dye-containing Wastewater, Activated Sludge and Soil " --- p.183 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Identification of the Selected Methyl Red-degrading and N，N- Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine-degrading Bacteria --- p.185 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Correlationship of Dry Weight and Absorbance of Cells of Selected Methyl Red-degrading Bacterial Isolates --- p.185 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Characterization of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.186 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Chemical Stability of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid in 0.05 M phosphate buffer and 0.2MHC1 " --- p.186 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Change of UV-Vis Spectra of Methyl Red and N,N-Dimethyl-p- phenylene diamine at Different pH and Matrixes " --- p.187 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- "Change of UV-Vis Spectra of N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine in Different Matrixes at Different pH " --- p.187 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- "UV-Vis Spectra and Standard Curve of Methyl Red, N,N- dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.188 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- "HPLC Separation of Methyl Red, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine and o-Aminobenzoic acid " --- p.189 / Chapter 5.3 --- Methyl Red Degradation by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Microbial Isolates --- p.190 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose --- p.194 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of Ethanol --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of Ammonium Sulphate --- p.198 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of Yeast Extract --- p.199 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of Phosphate Buffer (pH 7) --- p.200 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of pH --- p.201 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Effect of Temperature at Static and Shaking Conditions --- p.203 / Chapter 5.3.8 --- Study of Degradation Products of Methyl Red by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates by HPLC Analysis --- p.206 / Chapter 5.4 --- Degradation of Other Azo Dyes by Selected Methyl Red-degrading Isolates --- p.207 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.209 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.213 / Chapter 8. --- Appendix 1: Composition of Media --- p.222 / Appendix 2: Composition of Buffers --- p.225 / Appendix 3 --- p.228

Chu-Keung Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-92). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation and Aims --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Contributions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.4 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Complete Algorithms --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Parallel Checking --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Mom's --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Davis-Putnam --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Nonchronological Backtracking --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Iterative Logic Array (ILA) --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Incomplete Algorithms --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- GENET --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- GSAT --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.13 / Chapter 3 --- Algorithms --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2 --- Tree Search Techniques --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Depth First Search --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Forward Checking --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Davis-Putnam --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- GRASP --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Incomplete Algorithms --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- GENET --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- GSAT Algorithm --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.23 / Chapter 4 --- Field Programmable Gate Arrays --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2 --- FPGA --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Xilinx 4000 series FPGAs --- p.26 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Bitstream --- p.31 / Chapter 4.3 --- Giga Operations Reconfigurable Computing Platform --- p.32 / Chapter 4.4 --- Annapolis Wildforce PCI board --- p.33 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.35 / Chapter 5 --- Implementation --- p.36 / Chapter 5.1 --- Parallel Graph Coloring Machine --- p.36 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- System Architecture --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Evaluator --- p.39 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Finite State Machine (FSM) --- p.42 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Memory --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Hardware Resources --- p.43 / Chapter 5.2 --- Serial Graph Coloring Machine --- p.44 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- System Architecture --- p.44 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Input Memory --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Solution Store --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Constraint Memory --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Evaluator --- p.48 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Input Mapper --- p.49 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Output Memory --- p.49 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Backtrack Checker --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Word Generator --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- State Machine --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2.11 --- Hardware Resources --- p.54 / Chapter 5.3 --- Serial Boolean Satisfiability Solver --- p.56 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- System Architecture --- p.58 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Solutions --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Solution Generator --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Evaluator --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- AND/OR --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- State Machine --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Hardware Resources --- p.64 / Chapter 5.4 --- GSAT Solver --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- System Architecture --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Variable Memory --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Flip-Bit Vector --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Clause Evaluator --- p.67 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Adder --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4.6 --- Random Bit Generator --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.7 --- Comparator --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.8 --- Sum Register --- p.71 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.71 / Chapter 6 --- Results --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2 --- Parallel Graph Coloring Machine --- p.73 / Chapter 6.3 --- Serial Graph Coloring Machine --- p.74 / Chapter 6.4 --- Serial SAT Solver --- p.74 / Chapter 6.5 --- GSAT Solver --- p.75 / Chapter 6.6 --- Summary --- p.76 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / Chapter 7.1 --- Future Work --- p.78 / Chapter A --- Software Implementation of Graph Coloring in CHIP --- p.79 / Chapter B --- Density Improvements Using Xilinx RAM --- p.81 / Chapter C --- Bit stream Configuration --- p.83 / Bibliography --- p.88 / Publications --- p.93

Orientador: Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi / Banca: Luiza Cintra Campos / Banca: Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva / Resumo: As indústrias têxteis caracterizam-se pelos elevados volumes de água consumida e de efluente lançado, o qual, por possuir coloração intensa, reduz a penetração da luz solar nos corpos hídricos receptores e afeta a fotossíntese. Nesse trabalho, avaliou-se a adsorção do corante Azul Reativo 19 (RA19) por carvão ativado comercial (CAP), CAP tratado por ozônio (CAP - O3), lama vermelha (LV) e LV tratada por ozônio (LV - O3). Os adsorventes foram caracterizados quanto ao pH, condutividade elétrica, número de iodo, índice de azul de metileno, granulometria, composição química, mineralogia e micromorfologia. Investigou-se a influência do pH e da temperatura no processo de adsorção. Além disso, analisou-se a cinética da adsorção de RA19 a diferentes concentrações iniciais (300, 500, 1000, 2000 e 3000 mg/L), por meio dos modelos de pseudo primeira ordem, pseudo segunda ordem, difusão intrapartículas e Elovich; e avaliou-se a capacidade de adsorção dos quatro adsorventes, por isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich. Os resultados indicaram que o tratamento por ozônio não altera significativamente a composição química do CAP e da LV, mas possivelmente reduz o volume de mesoporos do CAP. A eficiência de remoção do RA19 por CAP independe do pH inicial da solução, mas por LV, é favorecida em pH mais baixo (igual a 3). Observou-se que 120 minutos são suficientes para atingir o equilíbrio da reação; e que o aumento da concentração inicial de corante reduz a eficiência de remoção, mas aumenta a ca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Textile industries are characterized by high water consumption and by large effluent release, which is strongly colored and therefore reduces sunlight penetration into water and affects photosynthesis. This study evaluated the adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) by commercial activated carbon (PAC), PAC treated by ozone (PAC - O3), red mud (RM) and RM treated by ozone (RM - O3). The adsorbents were characterized by pH, electric conductivity, iodine number, Methylene Blue index, granulometry, chemical and mineralogical composition and micromorphology. Influence of pH and temperature was investigated. Additionally, the RB19 adsorption kinetics was evaluated at different initial concentrations (300, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/L) with the pseudo first order, pseudo second order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich models; and the adsorptive capacity of the adsorbents was investigated by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results showed that ozone treatment does not significantly change the chemical composition of PAC and RM, but it possibly reduces PAC's mesopore volume. The initial pH does not influence the efficiency of RB19 removal by PAC, but it influences the removal by RM, being higher at lower pH (equal to 3). The adsorption reached an equilibrium state at about 120 minutes from the beginning of the experiments; and it was observed that increasing initial dye concentration, removal efficiency was reduced, while adsorption capacity was improved. The experimental data fitted well to the pseudo second order and Elovich kinetics models, which indicate that the process is controlled by chemisorption. The RB19 removal obeys the Freundlich isotherm model, showing multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surface. The thermodynamic studies indicated that RB19 has affinity to the adsorbents, and the reaction occurs spontaneously... (Complete abstract electronic acess below) / Mestre

Radish anthocyanin extract has potential as a natural colorant because of its pigment stability and attractive red hue. Presence of undesirable aroma compounds could limit its applications in foods. The pungent principle of radish, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBI), is produced enzymatically upon cell injury from its glucosinolate precursor, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl glucosinolate (MTBG), and undergoes subsequent degradation to produce a number of volatiles. To evaluate the potential of flavor formation, juices were prepared from winter and spring radish cultivars. Whole radishes, peels and flesh, as well as radish extracts, were analyzed for glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Aroma intensities of radish juice extracts were evaluated using sensory analysis. MTBI was monitored by HPLC (detection level 160 ppb). MTBG was extracted from freeze-dried radish tissue with boiling methanol, purified by anion exchange and enzymatically desulfated. DesulfoMTBG was quantified by HPLC, using desulfosinigrin as internal standard. Identification was performed by fast atom bombardment and electrospray mass spectroscopy. MTBI formation was higher in winter than in spring cultivars (1.5-2.8 and 0.8-1.3 mg/100g fresh weight, respectively), and higher in flesh than in peels. MTBG ranged from 30-65 mg (spring cultivars) to 260-320 mg/100g fresh weight (winter cultivars) with greater concentration in peels than in flesh. Isothiocyanates and glucosinolates were not detected in radish juices. Overall aroma intensities of radish juice concentrates, diluted to 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg anthocyanin/L in water, were rated using a 16-point scale. Radish concentrates from cultivars Fuego (pigmented peels) and Red Meat Takii (whole red flesh) were compared to commercial red cabbage and radish colorants. Aroma intensities followed first order relationships with anthocyanin concentrations. The commercial colorants were rated slight to moderate, while radish extracts (Fuego and Takii) were rated moderate to large. The aroma intensity of red flesh radish extract was more potent than those prepared from radish peels. Further work includes development of purification techniques which would provide an odorless aqueous extract. / Graduation date: 1997