No description available.

The performance of current open wheeler race cars depends heavily on the effectiveness of the aerodynamic package of which the front wing and wheels make a significant contribution. Previous investigations have focused on the aerodynamic characteristics of each of these bodies in isolation. Investigations that have considered both working in unison have conflictingly reported that the wheel presence aids or hinders the wing???s performance while the wheel???s aerodynamic performance has been neglected. In order to obtain a more thorough understanding of the interaction of a wing and wheel, experimental results were used to validate a computational model used to investigate a wing and wheel in isolation and in combination. The combined wing and wheel investigation demonstrated that three main interactions can occur, depending on the selection of wing span, angle of attack and height used, while the wheel width and track were found to have little influence. The three interacting states differ in the path that the main and secondary wing vortices take around the wheel and the subsequent variation in the combined wake structure. In general, the wing in the presence of the wheel reduced the wing???s ability to generate downforce by up to 45% due to the high pressure regions generated forward of the wheel. This was also found to alleviate the adverse pressure gradients experienced by the wing, and also reduce the drag by up to 70%. For this reason, the downforce loss phenomenon was observed to occur at a height 0.08c to 0.32c lower in comparison to the same wing in isolation, dependant on the wing span. Wheel lift and drag values were also observed to reduce in the presence of a wing by up to 65% and 38% respectively due to the influence of the wing???s flow structures have on the wake of the wheel. As a result,it was shown that the combined wing and wheel downforce and drag optima differed by up to 75% and 25% respectively to those which would be estimated if the two bodies were investigated individually and the results summed highlighting the importance of investigating these two bodies in unison.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1994. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [289]-298).

This thesis investigates continuities and change in the visualization of the hero in 1960s English football, a period of transition for the player from traditional to modern football practices. It does so from a socio-historical perspective. Its principal aim has been to explore the media representation of the evolution of the visual image of the football hero. This through the study of primary source archive material in the form of media images held by the National Football Museum archive and the National Photographic collection at the National Media Museum. In addition a corpus of contemporary images published in the mass and sports media of the day are considered, along with objects of material culture pertinent to the eulogy of the football hero. In so doing the research looks to understand if the theoretical hero typologies of previous sociological studies are evident in the actual historic visual portrayal of the time. The study of the historic visual culture of football is of relevance given the corporeal nature of the game and the prevalence of the image in communicating its narrative. However, the interrogation of the visual record is an under-utilised research tool in sports history. This research then looks to play a part in addressing this omission in its contribution to the understanding of what constitutes a football hero. The thesis firstly considers theoretical hero typologies appropriate to the football context. It then provides a chronological synopsis of the visualisation of the hero footballer in the period preceding that of this particular study, the 1960s. The chronological structure is continued in the specific study of the Sixties decade. Individual hero players are considered in each chapter as redolent of relevant hero types. Visual references are included as examples at the conclusion of each chapter. Based on the visual evidence the thesis finds that, unlike those sociological typologies that tend to be presented sequentially, visual representations of the hegemonic football hero are continuous, gradualist and emergent. It establishes that the synthesis of change in player socio-economic circumstance and coterminous media advances combines to influence both the on-field and off-duty representation of the football hero. It also challenges the assertion that cultural and aesthetic decisions dominate technological determinism, by suggesting that the commercial imperative plays a central role in shaping the image of the football hero.

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No description available.

Petrochemicals industry is one of the major industries in modern economy. Almost all synthetic chemicals or materials are related. Ethylene is the main product of this industry, which is produced from naphtha cracker. Butadiene is a by-product of naphtha cracking, but it is the most important raw material of synthetic rubbers. Most synthetic rubber plants do not have their own butadiene plant. All the materials were supplied from up-stream crackers. Due to the unstable supply and price surge recently, the cost of butadiene is higher than 70% of the total production cost in synthetic rubbers manufacturing. Huge price fluctuation in butadiene caused a big financial loss in 2008. These economic situations have made the price prediction an important issue for synthetic rubber manufacturers. In this research, we reviewed the historical price data of crude oil, naphtha, ethylene, propylene, butadiene and MTBE from the upper stream of petrochemicals in supply and the price of nature rubber, synthetic rubbers in demand. This study intends to find the petrochemicals price variation factors and uses butadiene as example. ¡§Time series¡¨ and OLS methods are used to build price prediction models to explain the price fluctuation in the past. Our research has found that the monthly price of butadiene is highly related to last month¡¦s price of butadiene, crude oil price and even related to last 9 month butadiene price. This may be because of the regular economical circulation and naphtha crackers annual turn around. The price of spot trading is related to the last week¡¦s price of butadiene and its co-product propylene. Those findings are valuable for synthetic rubber manufacturer in raw material procurement.

Thesis (M.A.)--Central Connecticut State University, 2000. / Thesis advisor: Clayton A. Penniman. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Biology." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107).

A review is presented on the technology, thermodynamics, applications and economics of absorption cycles such as refrigeration, heat pumps and temperature amplifiers; single and multistage cycles, and systems into which they are integrated such asCHP. From this present situation the fundamental thermodynamics of ideal absorption refrigeration is established for single, double and multistage cycles. An exergy analysis is used to prove this theory. The ideal absorption cycle theory is developed to cover absorption heat pumps, cooling with heat recovery, temperature amplifiers and hybrid systems incorporating vapour compression and absorption machines. Having proved absorption cycles to be comprised of Carnot cycles (direct and reverse), this theory was then merged with Carnot driving and cooling cycles' theory to establish a universal law of cold generation cycles. These are combinations of driving and cooling cycles for which the main pmpose is to produce cooling from a combustion driven cycle. The applications and economic evaluations of real direct fired absorption chillers, cold generation systems and the application of absorption chillers to combined heat and power (CHP) systems are analysed. Direct fired chillers have been proved to be economically feasible. The analysis of cold generation cycles indicated the feasibility of certain plant configurations. For the CHP analysis, the exergy costing method was seen to be the most appropriate one for determining the most cost effective application. A review of thermoeconomics applied to an air conditioning system with absorption and CHP is presented. Thermoeconomics was shown to be an appropriate method for optimising systems where absorption cycles are applied. Finally theoretical, practical and economic conclusions are presented regarding the equivalence of vapour compression and absorption cycles.