This thesis investigates continuities and change in the visualization of the hero in 1960s English football, a period of transition for the player from traditional to modern football practices. It does so from a socio-historical perspective. Its principal aim has been to explore the media representation of the evolution of the visual image of the football hero. This through the study of primary source archive material in the form of media images held by the National Football Museum archive and the National Photographic collection at the National Media Museum. In addition a corpus of contemporary images published in the mass and sports media of the day are considered, along with objects of material culture pertinent to the eulogy of the football hero. In so doing the research looks to understand if the theoretical hero typologies of previous sociological studies are evident in the actual historic visual portrayal of the time. The study of the historic visual culture of football is of relevance given the corporeal nature of the game and the prevalence of the image in communicating its narrative. However, the interrogation of the visual record is an under-utilised research tool in sports history. This research then looks to play a part in addressing this omission in its contribution to the understanding of what constitutes a football hero. The thesis firstly considers theoretical hero typologies appropriate to the football context. It then provides a chronological synopsis of the visualisation of the hero footballer in the period preceding that of this particular study, the 1960s. The chronological structure is continued in the specific study of the Sixties decade. Individual hero players are considered in each chapter as redolent of relevant hero types. Visual references are included as examples at the conclusion of each chapter. Based on the visual evidence the thesis finds that, unlike those sociological typologies that tend to be presented sequentially, visual representations of the hegemonic football hero are continuous, gradualist and emergent. It establishes that the synthesis of change in player socio-economic circumstance and coterminous media advances combines to influence both the on-field and off-duty representation of the football hero. It also challenges the assertion that cultural and aesthetic decisions dominate technological determinism, by suggesting that the commercial imperative plays a central role in shaping the image of the football hero.

The current body of research has used positivistic approaches to establish performance related variables emerging from various levels of play associated with technical and tactical parameters within elite football. However there is a dearth of knowledge considering how information derived from performance analysis (PA) techniques has been implemented within elite football environments. As a result the purpose of this thesis was to explore the focus of analysis by coaches and analysts and subsequently how PA techniques and approaches were utilised within sporting environments to facilitate this. In order to address this area of research, five chapters were completed to build upon the existing literature and create new knowledge in the area. In doing this a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches were developed in the studies identified below. Chapter One: The initial literature review investigated how the evolving role of PA and the associated proliferation of positions and internships within high performance sport have driven consideration for change, or at least wider use of PA. In order to explore the evolution of PA from both an academic and practitioner perspective this study considered the wider conceptual use of PA. The key aim of the chapter was to provide a critical review of the use of PA and considerations for practice. This section acts as a grand literature review to set the context for a number of key themes explored in the subsequent chapters of the thesis. Chapter Two included two parts, the primary aim was to investigate the PA tools and approaches employed by sports coaches and analysts and their perception of its value. Study One Part A focused on the coaches’ approaches. Method: A stratified sample of forty-six coaches were selected to complete an online-survey relating to their engagement with match, notational and technique analysis. Results: Most coaches (68%) were provided with a DVD or edited clips after every game, whilst 16% would receive this service following most games. 64% of coaches used PA tools to provide video clips for other coaches and their support staff, 68% provide a video of the opposition, 64% collate quantitative game data and 55% use PA to create video based motivational DVD’s. Just under half of the coaches (43%) would use some form of live coding and analysis during games, whilst 39% would also receive a written post report including game statistics. PA information informed the coaches’ short term planning (93%), medium term planning (80%) and long term planning (70%). 91% of coaches identified that their coaching philosophy would impact on their selection of KPIs, whilst 43% also identified that their ‘gut instinct’ would often impact on their selection. Discussion: The key findings from this study provided specific insight relating to how coaches engage with PA approaches. In particular, these findings inform specifically on how PA impacts on their coaching practices within a number of different contexts. Study One Part B, identified the role which performance analysts play within football clubs and how these roles differ within professional and academy settings. Comparisons were drawn between the two levels because of the potentially varied approaches. This study also addressed the dearth of research regarding the role of match analysts, in relation to the provision of feedback via match and notational analysis techniques and systems. Method: An exploratory study was conducted using an online questionnaire formed using knowledge collected from current match analysts working in elite football, academics working within the areas of PA (tutors who teach PA and interact with student and analyst employers within football clubs) and from the current literature. The questionnaire was completed by 48 match analyst practitioners working within elite football clubs. 32 of the analysts were predominantly working in a professional team setting, while 16 were predominantly working in an academy setting. Results: When comparisons were made between the two groups of analysts a number of key differences were identified in relation to the provision of pre-match feedback, post-match feedback and the value the analysts gave to certain PA approaches. Discussion: Further insight has been provided into the importance of the role that analysts play in enhancing the observation, analysis and feedback strategies employed by elite level football teams. The key findings established within Chapters One and Two provided a platform to establish themes which would be central in informing interview discussion points in the subsequent phase of data collection. Chapter Three: Study Two quantified and described player perceptions of PA. Despite the wider spread employment of PA within the coaching process little, if any, consideration has been given to the context in which PA delivery takes place and subsequently impacts on the players receiving such information. The objective of the study was to identify player perceptions of PA use within football environments. Method: A mixed methodology was employed, 48 male footballers from three different English Championship Football Clubs completed an online questionnaire. Following this 22 players were selected using an opportunistic sample to complete a semi-structured interview. Results: Individual perceptions and practical realities surrounding the different consumers’ interaction with PA were explored during interviews and the results were analysed and presented using hierarchical content analysis. Discussion: Through the systematic analysis three important features emerged, all of which were consistent across all clubs and standards of play: (1) the level of debate and player interaction differed greatly during video feedback sessions, (2) the use of video analysis is central to player self-reflection but the level of engagement with self-reflection varied across players, (3) The majority of players preferred some delay before receiving video feedback. These factors have provided further insight to the practical contexts in which PA is used and perceived by elite players. Only limited consideration has been given to how coaches might view performance and how this is translated into analysis, match insight and subsequent behavioural change. To address these shortcomings Chapter four (Study Three Part A) attempted to provide an understanding of the individual perceptions of coaches and analysts, how they view performance, and thus work jointly to conduct subsequent analysis. Reflecting these factors Study Three Part A aimed to: (1) Establish what factors elite coaches and performance analysts value in terms of their assessment of performance; (2) To examine the congruency between the values and philosophies of coach and analyst with specific reference to how they view and assess performance. Method: A sample of 25 coaches and 23 analysts from 5 clubs across the top 3 tiers of English domestic football were interviewed to establish the use of PA within their club. Results/Discussion: The hierarchical content analysis established 71 higher order themes and 287 lower order data themes from the results. Key themes which emerged suggested that central to congruence were factors related to role clarity, effective communication and discussion via the means of post and pre-match reviews. A central concept to congruence was the extent of the ‘buy in’ by each coach to the process and content associated with PA, and fundamental to this was the rapport and trust established within these relationship groups. A number of important concepts were also identified relating to what factors were valued in terms of their assessment of performance. In a number of instances dissonance was identified between a coach’s conceptual description of their philosophical approaches and their practical utilisation of PA and their analysts. / Currently little is known about the specific and effective integration of analysis in an applied setting within high performance football clubs. As a result Study Three Part B was primarily concerned with the practical issues and solutions coaches and analysts face when implementing PA techniques within their everyday practice within football clubs. Specifically this thesis was concerned with exploring how elite coaches and analysts employ PA techniques in practice and how their PA strategies facilitate feedback, planning and preparation for performance. Results/Discussion: Hierarchical content analysis established 72 high order themes and 308 lower order themes. PA clearly had an impact within a number of applied practices within football clubs, these included: pre and post-match planning, transfer of PA information into deliberate practices and the setting and monitoring of individual and team training objectives. Evidence also established that performance analytics were employed in reviewing a range of sports science related information to answer key performance questions each club might have. PA was central in the use of feedback, de-briefing and pre-match opposition meetings. Despite this the extent to which coach and analyst had an understanding of pedagogical issues surrounding the delivery of such sessions varied greatly. This model presented an overview of the factors impacting on the implementation of PA within the football environments investigated.

Partnering is a broad term used to describe an integrated team working approach; and integration means combining various elements into a whole. Partnering became popular within the UK construction industry largely as a result of two distinct 1990 reports (i.e. Latham, 1994 and Egan, 1998). The corollary of this relied to some extent on parties being dependent upon one another for success whether this arrangement was for a one off project or a longer term relationship over a number of projects. Partnering was also proffered as a vehicle for providing greater efficiencies and a higher ‘value’ through an agreement where a set of actions could help project teams improve their conjoined performance. The partnering approach was seen as an agreement that endorsed better collaboration, engendered mutual trust and team working, whilst also creating a platform for sharing both risk and rewards. Therefore, whilst not meant to be a fixed way of working per se, it was acknowledged from the outset that certain cultural, attitudinal and procedural changes would be required throughout the relevant supply chain. This to enable partnering to develop as project teams evolved within their relationships in order to find the most effective ways of achieving agreed objectives. Meaning partnering was about achieving ‘best value’ for all parties. Yet, while the positive aspects of partnering have been espoused in extant literature, covering various industry sectors, including: manufacturing, retail and construction; there was no explicit definition as to what partnering was [specifically] within the UK construction industry, or what it was supposed to achieve. Considerable debate therefore continues to challenge the partnering paradigm, for as it remains unestablished with limited systematising or standardisation, organisations commonly communicate with those one tier removed. As a result, the UK construction industry remains relatively unchanged despite successive reports, recommendations and potential collaborative solutions. Thus organisations continue to pursue their own self-interests to such an extent that ‘true’ collaborative working is often rendered impossible to achieve. This has had a negative impact on the industry as a whole, including the supply chain. In summary therefore, the industry still remains fragmented, adversarial and divided, which impedes communication, trust and a willingness to embrace the true ‘spirit’ of partnering per se. The study, taking a pragmatic post-positivist stance, focuses on four key disciplines (Client, Consultant, Main Contractor and Sub-contractor). The rationale supporting this approach endeavoured to capture actors and context, such that observations and research findings could be grounded and linked back to theory generation. An explicit mixed method research methodological approach was adopted in this research to purposefully explore phenomena and reason, especially to increase understanding and affirmation in respect of the partnering paradigm. This engaged both quantitative and qualitative approaches which engaged domain practitioners across the four disciplines. Content analysis of that qualitative data provided a vehicle for mapping the fabric, resilience and veracity of the core partnering drivers. This helped develop the second phase of the measuring instrument. Accordingly, theoretical codes were then generated and subsequently administered to 40 individual companies across the four disciplines. Purposive sampling was then used to select two case studies for data capture and model explication. Quantitative data analysis was then used to evaluate a series of drivers and variables. These were then mapped into a conceptual process model using an iterative approach (within the case studies) to affirm process conformity, accuracy and relevance. The model was then tested and validated with independent domain experts to ensure cogency (internal/external), reliability (inter-rater/observer) and homogeneity (consistency). This work presents a new conceptual model for strengthening and supporting the partnering paradigm; which, it is proffered will open up new discourse in both theory and practice. The philosophical underpinnings of this work support the concepts of sustained partnering growth, through guidance, governance and commonality. It presents stakeholders with a systematised and standardised approach to supply chain collaboration. The conceptual model identifies eight key drivers, the granularity of which highlight dynamic drivers, dependencies and relationships needed to support and promote ‘true’ partnering. The causal relationships and dependencies embody different organisational ‘cultures’ where partnering parties can work together regardless of their perceived dominance and/or tier position. Thus, the entire supply chain can be actively and more purposefully engaged in the partnering paradigm the full potential of partnering. Moreover, as the success of partnerships depends to a large extent on selecting appropriate partners; there is a concomitant need to evaluate the ‘quality’ of these relationships. The conceptual partnering model presented in this thesis offers new insight into these dynamic relationships. In doing so, it offers readers detailed evidence for further reflection – specifically cognisant of partnering organisations’ different perceptions, positioning and responsibilities for making the partnering ethos work in practice.

Obesity and physical inactivity have been identified as risk factors for knee pain in elderly populations. There has been an increase in the prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in younger adults. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether they are risk factors for knee disorders among young adults. This thesis explored the epidemiology of knee problems in young adults. A literature review, using systematic methods, identified 19 studies reporting on the incidence of and/or risk factors for knee disorders in young adults. Knee disorder incidence varied across studies (0.07% to 42.0%), because of the different knee conditions and study populations (military and sports) investigated. There was conflicting evidence on whether obesity and physical activity were risk factors for knee disorders; and physical inactivity had not been investigated. A longitudinal study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of knee problems in young adults and explore whether physical activity, physical inactivity and obesity were risk factors. It was designed as a feasibility study to inform a large-scale cohort study in the general population. Three hundred and fourteen staff and students of the University of Central Lancashire, Preston campus were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Data was collected through self-report questionnaire and where possible direct measurement of weight and height was taken. Logistic regression was used to investigate any plausible relationship between knee problems and body mass index (BMI), physical inactivity, and physical activity levels. The mean (SD) age was 22 (5.2) years. There were more men (n=176, 56.1%) than woman (n=138, 43.9%). At baseline, the mean (SD) score for the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-10 (mental distress) was 1.5 (0.4); mean (SD) BMI was 24.3 (4.1) and mean (SD) total hours spent sitting per day was 5.6 hours (2.6). Over half of the participants (n=165, 52.9%) reported low physical activity with similar proportions reporting moderate (n= 75, 24.0%), and high (n= 72, 23.1%) physical activity levels. The prevalence of knee problems was high (31.8% [95% CI 26.9% to 37.2%]); knee pain was the most prevalent symptom. Multivariate logistic regression analysis on cross- sectional data showed that high physical activity levels (OR 2.6 [95% CI 1.4-4.9]) and mental distress (OR 2.3 [95% CI 1.2-4.6]) were independent risk factors. Only 126 (40.1%) participants responded to the follow up at 12 months: 76.9% still had knee problems and 11.5% had a new knee problem. Knee problems are common in young adults. The study provided an estimate of incidence to inform the design of a large-scale population based study but attention needs to be paid to ensure lower attrition. The study suggests that more attention may need to be paid towards prevention of knee problems and that further work on the economic burden of knee problems among young adults is warranted. This is particularly important as there is increasing emphasis in public health policy on promoting physical activity.

The research of the neutron induced Single Event Effect (SEE) at aircraft altitudes or at ground level are very important since the neutron radiation is able to cause serious errors or damages on electronic components and system. TheWeapons Neutron Research (WNR) facility at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), and ANITA (Atmospheric-like Neutrons from thIck TArget) facility at The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) both provide spallation neutron source for radiation testing of electronic components. A local beam monitoring system was successfully developed by S. Platt and L. Zhang in the University of Central Lancashire for measuring neutron dosimetry during accelerated SEE testing of electronic devices with using silicon photodiode. However, such silicon photodiode is sensitive to gamma-ray as well. For above reasons, characterization of neutron and gamma fields at spallation neutron sources used for accelerated SEE testing has become the purpose of this work. Monte Carlo calculation of radiation fields at spallation neutron source was used to characterize neutron and gamma energy spectra for accelerated single event effect testing. Geant4 (GEometry ANd Tracking version 4) toolkit, using Monte Carlo method, was used to simulate a preliminary model of spallation neutron source at LANSCE (ICE House, WNR) and TSL (ANITA) for understanding physical mechanisms of neutron and gamma interactions with matter. At first, two preliminary spallation neutron sources on basis of WNR (ICE House) and ANITA facilities were modeled with using two intra-nuclear cascade models (bertini, binary) provided by Geant4 reference physics lists. The result of neutron spectrum with binary INC model agrees well with LANSCE measurement data and independent calculation results in each case. In this computation, gamma dose rates at WNR and ANITA were calculated, and gamma dose rate from the simulation is consistent with the ANITA measurement results. The results of photon energy spectra with using Geant4 toolkit presents a continuum between 0.1MeV and 10MeV, and the annihilation peak at 0.5MeV. However, calculation results of neutron spectrum at ANITA facility with using binary INC model match ANITA measurements less well in absolute neutron yield above 20MeV, which is likely due to the missing geometry components in preliminary spallation neutron source simulation. A more complex model of ANITA facility was constructed with adding bending magnet, shielding components, detector system, and collimator, which makes modelling as realistically as possible. The discrepancy in absolute neutron yield between simulation results and measurements data has improved at Standard User Position (SUP) of ANITA facility, in contrast with the preliminary modelling of ANITA neutron source. At the same time, a new position referred as Close User Position (CUP) was investigated in order to compare with ANITA measurement informed by Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) simulation results. The neutron spatial distribution, radius effect for neutrons, neutron beam profiles, and time of flight spectra were calculated at the SUP and CUP positions for different collimator apertures of 3 cm, 10.2 cm, and 30 cm, respectively. A comparison of simulated neutron beam profiles folded with 238U (n, f) cross-section with ANITA measurements at the SUP and CUP-TOF positions was used for validating improved ANITA neutron source modelling. The neutron beam profiles in the horizontal direction were predicted with using Geant4, which filled the gap of geometrical limitation at ANITA facility for accelerated single event effect testing. It is the first time to predict gamma dose rate at the SUP and CUP positions for 3 cm, 10.2 cm, and 30 cm collimators with using Geant4 modelling of ANITA neutron source. In addition, the gamma dose rate at the SUP position is consistent with ANITA measurement data. Finally, the gamma yield, photon spatial distribution, dose rate against energy are considered for gamma field at the SUP and CUP positions, which have contributed to understand and analyse gamma interactions with matter.

Preterm birth and the premature infant have been predominately studied from clinical perspectives. The experiences of parenting a preterm child and the experiences of staff directly involved in the care of preterm infants have been studied much less. Additionally, less is known about the meaning of experiences around the preterm infant’s discharge from the neonatal unit and life at home thereafter. This study addresses these gaps identified in research and aims to generate a deeper understanding of the meanings, and lived experiences of NICU-to-home transition from multiple perspectives: mothers and fathers, and neonatal staff. This is a Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological study of the experiences of Maltese parents of preterm infants and, of neonatal staff of NICU-to-home transition. Using purposive sampling, open interviews were conducted with 9 mother-father dyads of preterm infants and 12 neonatal staff that included midwives, nurses and doctors working on the only neonatal unit in Malta. A modified vignette technique based on the parents’ interviews was used to stimulate reflective talk with the staff. A longitudinal design was adopted for data collection from the parents: at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after discharge of their baby from the unit. The research process including analysis of the data was guided by van Manen (1990). The parents’ experiences of NICU-to-home transition are represented through four main themes: ‘Shadowed by fading clouds of uncertainty’, ‘Reaching out’, ‘Watching vigilantly’ and ‘Living the new family’. In addition, three main themes emerged from the staff data: ‘Acknowledging good practice’, ‘Realising limits’ and ‘Awakening to needed improvements in care’. Findings indicate that, in the longer term in the home setting, parents translated their parenting approaches through the norms of neonatal unit routines and practices. Staff findings revealed that care focuses primarily on producing technically prepared parents in infant care which arises out of their sense of responsibility towards the babies’ wellbeing that extends to after being discharged from the neonatal unit. A further in-depth interpretation and synthesis of the findings was undertaken drawing on the philosophy of Heidegger (1962). This revealed ‘oscillating realities’ between parents’ and staff experiences, particularly in the degree to which they endeavoured to solicitude which ‘leaped in’ or ‘leaped ahead’, and the extent to which technocratic ways of Being permeated their relationships to each other and to the babies. Implications of the findings and suggestions for further research are presented.

The impetus for the research undertaken in this dissertation hinges on concern for the low priority status attached to aesthetic issues in public deliberation on matters concerning environmental and ethical issues. Although interconnected reasons are identified for the prevalence of this attitude a principal reason is the tendency to assume a conventional understanding of aesthetic value as primarily concern for visual or formal appearance, a consequence of which is that it is treated as of superficial significance only to be considered after more pressing issues have been addressed, for example, economic ones. A ifirther concern, however, is the prevalence in environmental theory/ethics to take a similar view in the way that aesthetic value tends to be considered an unsuitable basis on which to establish an environmental ethic or as of only partial significance in environmental protection and management. While contextualist theorists in environnental aesthetics have made significant contributions in redressing this attitude the discipline is divided between two schools of thought namely scientific cognitivists and non-cognitivists. In arguing against the cognitivist position I develop and advance a non-cognitive approach that focuses on the relational dimension of aesthetic experience and value. Relationship, though largely implicit or assumed in non-cognitive accounts, is undeveloped theoretically particularly as a locus of value in itself I contend that aesthetic value communicates the quality and merit of the relations that given things embody and express. I illustrate how a relational approach raises issues of identity and meaning; issues that are not addressed in environmental theory or mainstream axiological approaches. The significance of the approach rests in its practical and theoretical implication particularly as it bears on the concept of nature; of natural and unnatural value; on issues of beauty, ugliness and sacredness and on the culture/nature dualism predominant in environmental thinking and practice. Moreover, and importantly, a relational approach to aesthetic value extends the reach of environmental aesthetics from a focus on the evaluation of our physical surroundings to a broader, more inclusive view of 'environment' such that its 'reach' can be shown to have ethical import, for example, in issues concerning biotechnological practices.

Intermediate phases in two non-ionic polyoxyethylene surfactantiD20 systems - nonaethylene glycol mono (1 1-oxa-14,18,22,26-tetramethylheptacosyl) ether (C30E09) and hexaethylene glycol n-hexadecyl ether (C15E05) have been studied. Both systems have a rhombohedral mesh phase with the space group symmetry R3m, and model calculations show this phase to consist of hexagonally arranged pores in a surfactant bilayer. The formation of this phase is driven by the need to introduce curvature into the interface as the temperature decreases and hydration of the ethylene oxide headgroups increases. In the C30E09 system a small angle neutron scattering study on a 42 wt.% sample has allowed the epitaxial relationship between the lower temperature hexagonal (H1) phase and the mesh intermediate phase, with the (10) planes of the H 1 phase becoming the (001) planes of the mesh phase. The concentration interval of 48 - 62 wt.% of the C 1 6E06 system has been studied using optical microscopy, 2H nuclear magnetic resonance, and small angle scattering in order to establish the detailed phase behaviour. On cooling from the lamellar phase, the phase sequence observed is defected lamellar, mesh intermediate, Ia3d cubic, and hexagonal plus gel. On heating from the hexagonal plus gel phase region, the intermediate and cubic phase observed upon cooling is replaced by an Ia3d cubic phase region. The mesh intermediate forms when the water filled defects of the higher temperature defected lamellar phase correlate between the surfactant layers. The C16E06 system has been perturbed by the inclusion of either the shorter chain surfactant hexa-ethylene glycol mono n-dodecyl ether (C12EO6) or the oil octadecane (C 1 81-138). The addition of C12E05 promotes aggregate structures with more curved interfaces, and the intermediate mesh phase is eliminated in favour of the Ia3d cubic phase. The addition of C181-138 swells the surfactant bilayers and promotes flatter interfaces, but does not stabilise the intermediate phase, as only small additions of oil suppress this phase.

Streptomyces clavuligerus was grown in nutrient-limited defined media in laboratory scale fermenters using continuous and batch culture methods. Cephamycin C was produced in all fermentations. Clavulanic acid was produced in carbon- and nitrogenlimited continuous culture and in carbon- and phosphate-limited batch culture. Low levels of intracellular guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) were detected at D= 0.02 h' in continuous culture in all media. Low levels of intracellular guanosine 5 '-diphosphate 3 '-monophosphate (ppGp) were detected at D=0.02 if' in carbon- and nitrogen- limited media. ppop was not detected under phosphate limitation at any dilution rate. Increased production of cephamycin C was observed at D=0.02 If' under nitrogen limitation coinciding with the detection of elevated levels of ppGpp, ppGp and ATP. Increased production of clavulanic acid was observed at D=0.02 If' under carbon limitation coinciding with the detection of elevated levels of ppGpp and ppGp. There was no correlation between dilution rate and basal levels of either ppGpp or ppGp in any growth-limiting medium. ppGpp was produced at low levels in carbon- and nitrogen-limited batch fermentations prior to the detection of cephamycin C and clavulanic acid in the medium. High levels of ppGpp were detected under phosphate limitation immediately prior to the transcription of cas, the gene encoding clavaminate synthase. High levels of ppGp were detected in all batch fermentations following a downturn in nitrogen and carbon levels and immediately prior to the detection of isopenicillin N synthetase (IPNS). ppGp was detected following nutrient shifidown by amino acid depletion and was not produced via degradation of ppGpp. The results point to a possible role for ppGpp in the regulation of clavulanic acid synthesis under phosphate limitation only, and a potential role for ppGp in the regulation of cephamycin C production in Streptomyces clavuligerus.

The effect of damage on carbon-fibre reinforced poly(aryl suiphone) by a solvent of the type used by BAe Military Aircraft Division as a paint stripper has been investigated together with the effect of fibre waviness upon the mechanical strength of carbon-fibre reinforced poly(aryl suiphone). Mathematical models for solvent effects were derived and comparison was made with the practical results obtained both from tension loading and three-point loading in bending. Good agreement between the theoretical and test results has been observed. It was found that solvent damage is minimal on the tensile behaviour of (90,0)s laminates but caused a reduction in the strain at failure in (0,90)s laminates. Theoretical models were developed for fibre waviness, where the waviness is in the plane of the ply. The theoretical results are compared to the results of tensile testing. It is reported that, contrary to the work of others, fibre waviness can have a marked affect on laminate behaviour in tension and, for a wave ratio of 0.1, can cause the load at failure in cross-plied laminates to be reduced to only 24% of the the load at failure in an equivalent laminate free of fibre waviness. Specimens were put through heating and cooling cycles in order to reduce residual stresses. Estimates of the value of these stresses were based upon the curvature of asymmetric laminates. The results compared favourably with published values for similar materials. Various 'protective' coats were investigated to reduce the amount of solvent damage. One protective coat was found to give reduced damage with increasing coats. Test results were compared to those obtained from (i) The Tsai-Hill failure criterion, (ii) The Han-Smith maximum shear stress criterion. The test results were found to be in good agreement with both criteria when failure did not occur at positions containing fibre waviness. When failure occurs at fibre waviness it is demonstrated that if the exact point of failure within fibre waviness is known then corrections can be made to the test results. When the corrections were made there was good agreement between test results and both criteria.