No description available.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003. / Motor vehicles are considered a major source of air pollution in urban environments. Nitrogen dioxide (N02) and nitric oxide (NO) which are collectively referred to as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are formed at high temperatures during combustion processes in the engines of motor vehicles and are emitted via the exhaust into the atmosphere. Nitrogen dioxide is regarded as an irritant of the respiratory system. / M

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-04T12:34:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Helena Brito de Sousa.pdf: 2365874 bytes, checksum: 42af8e0a44671f22a0bd39751428f8a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T12:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Helena Brito de Sousa.pdf: 2365874 bytes, checksum: 42af8e0a44671f22a0bd39751428f8a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main objective of this paper is to examine the incidence of ICMS – Comunicação (State Tax on Communication Services) in the scenario of technological convergence. The development of telecommunications provides new activities and technologies to society, which must be analyzed to be included in the ‘ICMS – Communication’ incidence hypotheses. Starting by the presentation of the historical evolution of telecommunications in Brazil, bringing to the fore basic concepts for understanding the theme. Furthermore, the notion of the legal system adopted is exposed, emphasizing the instrumental character of the law. Subsequently, the distribution of tax jurisdiction system in the Federal Constitution of 1988 is examined, with special attention giving to the authorization to impose tax on communication services. Having defined these premises, the meaning of the term "onerous service of communication services" is scrutinized to establish the criteria of the standard norm of incidence of the state tax.Finally, we will analyse the incidence of ICMS-Comunicação on some activities associated to the advances in telecommunications, especially the Internet, highlighting the technological repercussion for positive law / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por principal objetivo examinar a incidência do ICMS-Comunicação no cenário da convergência tecnológica. Com a evolução das telecomunicações, novas atividades e tecnologias são disponibilizadas para a sociedade, as quais devem ser submetidas a análise para o seu enquadramento à hipótese de incidência do ICMS-Comunicação. Inicia-se o presente estudo discorrendo sobre a evolução histórica das telecomunicações no Brasil, trazendo à baila conceitos básicos para a compreensão do tema. Dando continuidade ao trabalho, expõe-se a noção de sistema jurídico adotada, destacando-se o caráter instrumental do direito. Posteriormente, é objeto de análise o sistema de repartição de competências tributária na Constituição Federal de 1988, especialmente a norma que autoriza a instituição do imposto sobre serviços de comunicação. Fixadas tais premissas, cumpre perquirir o significado da expressão “prestação onerosa de serviços de comunicação”, para fixar os critérios constantes da norma padrão de incidência do imposto estadual. Por fim, analisar-se-á a incidência do ICMS-Comunicação sobre algumas atividades, associadas aos avanços na área das telecomunicações, em especial da Internet, destacando, ao final, a repercussão tecnológica para o direito positivo

Transport undoubtedly occupies a most important place in the economic and commercial life of all countries. In this respect South Africa is no exception, and very briefly, the principal economic functions of transport are enumerated below. 1. Transport establishes communication between consumers and the producers of goods or services. 2. Transport facilitates the movement of persons between the place where they live and the place where they work - usually this is a daily procedure, but in South Africa it also entails the movement of large numbers of Natives from the Native Reserves to work for some months at a time either in the gold mines or in the several urban areas of the Union. 3. Transport makes geographical specialization possible, for agricultural or mineral resources will only be exploited, or specialized industries established, in a particular area, if the commodities produced can be transported to other parts of a country, or the world; and other capital and consumer goods brought to the producers living in the area of specialized production. 4. Transport faciitates industrial production because, of raw materials which come from many sources. Furthermore, transport enables the finished products of industry to be distributed to the markets in which they are sold. In all these cases, the efficiency of transport has to be measured not only in terms of its cost, but also in terms of its efficiency, which includes, inter alia, the time taken, the frequency of services, the safety of goods and passengers while in transit and the provision of various special services, such as the provision by railway undertakings of private siding facilities. This thesis will be divided into five parts, the first dealing with the technical and commercial development of the Buffalo Harbour. It has been decided to deal with the Harbour first because, not only has it been the focal point of the transport system of the Border Region since the latter part of the nineteenth century, but it has dominated the economic and commercial development of East London, as well as that of the Border Region as a whole. The second part deals with the evolution of the railway system from the 166 mile long East London and Queenstown Railway, to the present 1,110 miles of the Cape Eastern System. This historical chapter is followed by an analysis of the traffic of the Cape Eastern System. Part Three deals with the theory, practice, and economic consequences, of railway rating policy. Part Four is a detailed analysis of the goods traffic forwarded from, and received at East London in the period from 1st April, 1953 to 31st March, 1956. Part Five deals with roads and road transport. Finally, certain conclusions are offered, based on the significant points revealed by the investigation on which this thesis is based. In this thesis the theory of transport will not be dealt with in detail for it is essentially a factual account of the development of the transport system of the Border Region and an analysis of the present situation. It has unfortunately not been possible to make in this thesis a study of railway finance or railway economics with regard to the Cape Eastern System, for the data upon which to base such an investigation are not available for the Cape Eastern System in isolation. No attempt will be made to assess either the technical or the operating efficiency of the railway system for not only would this require more data than are available, but also a technical knowledge not possessed by the writer.