A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg September 2015 / The year 2000 witnessed a significant convergence of global policy positions. These positions range from the neoliberal regime which gained traction in the mid-1990s, participatory development models of the 1980s, and the technocratic approach to development of the late 1990s. Despite their ideological differences, these policy positions found co-existence in the (MDGs) and have framed how poverty is globally understood and how it should be addressed, including the use of communication especially the media to promote or fast track poverty reduction projects. This thesis is a critical analysis of the extent to which the United Nations (UN) Communication for Development strategy of 2007 has been used in Kamaila Village in Zambia and Mwandama Village in Malawi to implement MDG-related projects. The two villages were chosen because they have been exposed to different models of poverty reduction activities. The Mwandama Village project is part of the Millennium Village Project where a holistic approach is applied to address poverty, while the Kamaila Village is a beneficiary of a water project which is considered to be important to kick-start village-driven poverty reduction activities. Even though the two villages have been used as units of analysis, the main goal of this study was to examine the two policy documents as texts – the MDG and the UN Communication for strategy – how the discourse and narratives that inform them and their relationship with power, shape social practices and behaviour at national and village level. The study also sought to establish how language operates within the context of power relations by applying theories of global governance, knowledge and power, hegemony, participatory and media communication. The methodology used to gather data consists of a critical discourse analysis on the policy documents and qualitative interviews with different respondents from the villagers, the UN system, NGOs, media and governments. Through a combination of these theoretical frameworks and methodologies, this study has shown that the narratives and discourses that inform the MDGs are influenced by western actors who use the power of money to pursue their neoliberal interests under the guise of reducing poverty. The link between political power, the poverty reduction ideas and interests of elite actors saturates and remotely controls available policy spaces for participation with external knowledge and rules, starting from the UN system down to the villages thereby enabling neoliberal ideas to control the flow of knowledge and the construction of discourses. Despite attempts to harness local modes of social communication to transmit the neoliberal notions of poverty in the villages, individual villagers have discursively devised ways of maintaining their own ‘traditional’ ways of life. This highlights that poverty reduction discussions must not be too obsessed with controlling or changing people’s minds and behaviour but seek to understand the grassroots’ lifestyles as a baseline for informed intervention. Ignoring this baseline knowledge is one of the many reasons development has failed dismally since the 1950s because it is driven by capital interests from the top to bottom with less or no intentions to address poverty. In addition, the ability of media messages to influence practices and behaviour remains a contested arena. But as this study established, the strength of messages to alter social practices has its limitations because behaviour is a manifestation of several factors such as environment, context, biology, genealogy and culture, some of which are not linked to communication. However, communication within the context of the villagers is part of their way of exchanging or transmitting ideas and knowledge in producing and reproducing their culture and not to eliminate it. This thesis makes scholarly contribution through the use of a critical approach to international policy formulation, and participation within a globalised world. While several studies have analysed the link between communication and poverty reduction privileging the neoliberal construction of these themes, this study has demonstrated that the grassroots are not unthinking; they have a well-being, cultural context and communication ecology which needs to be understood first and respected. These findings expose the tensions between the neoliberal interests-driven elite view of poverty and the local way of viewing well-being.

This study is an analysis of the implications of the manner of development, decision making and communication therein on Africa's development performance since the 1950s. It sought to establish the causes of development failures in Sub-Saharan Africa and to explore a way for sustainable community development. Four hypotheses were set: • First, Africa's development failures are due to cultural irrationality, as many modernisation theorists have suggested, including Goran Hyden (1980: 3-4) who asserts that "Africa's underdevelopment lies in the persistence of its pre-modern and pre-capitalist practices and structures" and Ulf Himmelstrand (1994: 25) with his "European superiority" notion; • Second, Africa's development failures are due to the exclusionary manner of development; • Third, as justification for the exclusionary manner of development, community participation in development could lead to disorder and paralyse governmental delivery capacities (Huntington, 1991), and • Lastly, community participation is untenable because communitarian values no longer exist in African communities. This study is in two parts. Part One verifies the first two hypotheses through reviewing the literature. Part Two verifies the last two hypotheses using field research data. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

Development communication is now a recognized field within communication studies, but has always been implicated with the discourse and practices of development, as well as drawing on the lexicon of sociology for its elaboration of social phenomena and processes. This dissertation sets out to provide a case study-based review of the limits and possibilities of communication in/for development through the lens of interface analysis, a framework developed by Norman Long to reconstitute an understanding of development itself in an actor centered fashion. Adopting a broader based understanding of the concept of interface, in order to provide a communicative tool which goes beyond development practice , three dimensions of communication and development are considered: the 'dominant paradigm' with its emphasis on mass media; participatory communication with its emphasis on dialogue and social change; and communication based on new information and communication technologies, with its emphasis on the benefits of the internet. Central to the discussion is a consideration of the significance of information in developing contexts, and the centrality of communication to social relations more generally. Each of the case studies provides a concrete example of one or more of the three dimensions outlined above, and offers a platform for extending a conceptual and critical engagement with past contributions to the particular problematic. The objective of these engagements is less the establishment of firm conclusions than it is with the delineation of further topics for research, and the clarification of the future direction of communication in/for development. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programmes are implemented to ensure sustainable use and protection of the environment through appropriate capacity enhancement and empowerment mechanisms. CBNRM is an approach that has multiple objectives, such as enhancing the capacity, of communities to manage resources sustainably, and creating employment opportunities to enhance livelihoods of the communities. CBNRM programmes are implemented in South Africa by different government departments and organisations to achieve these objectives. Despite such interventions, communities often display insufficient knowledge and capacity necessary for effective participation in addressing natural resource management issues. The main objective of this study was to establish the effect of a CBNRM programme on the capacity of the KwaPitela community to manage natural resources for sustainable use. To address the main objective of this study, three sub-objectives were identified: firstly, to determine the community members’ ability to apply skills and knowledge in the management of natural resources for sustainable use; secondly to determine the community’s ability to participate with different stakeholders in the management of natural resources; and thirdly determine the community’s ability to make decisions about the management of natural resources for sustainable use. A basic qualitative research design was used and data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Selected documents were analysed to confirm specific aspects of the qualitative data. The participants of this study were the KwaPitela development committee, members of the community, and stakeholders mandated to equip the KwaPitela community in CBNRM competencies. Regarding the first sub-objective it was evident that the development committee can apply planning, networking, and leadership skills as a result of the CBNRM programme. The development committee and members involved in the harvesting of natural resources displayed knowledge related to invasive alien species, legislative processes, and the importance of natural resources as an essential for their livelihood. These skills and knowledge were, however, not applied by the community members who were not involved in natural resource management and leadership processes. The development committee and members of the community are still in need of further skills and knowledge, for example entrepreneurship skills and knowledge on how to sustain projects, in order to successfully implement the land use management plan, as developed during the CBNRM programme. Meeting the second sub-objective, it was evident that the development committee had the capability to facilitate participation with stakeholders, but the development committee felt that they were not getting enough support from the stakeholders. In assessing the third subobjective, it became evident that the development committee was able to make well - informed decisions in natural resource management, but they lacked the ability to influence and implement the decisions taken. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Many community development initiatives place great emphasis on the need for the a participatory approach towards development. Here the beneficiaries are expected to engage in dialogue and collective action in order to be empowered and consequently developed. This study therefore seeks to explore the elements of dialogue and collective action in a crime prevention and health promotion intervention that was administered by a non-governmental organisation called Footballers for Life (F4L) at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre (Johannesburg, South Africa) from March to August 2011 amongst a group of 40 male offenders. Premised on the idea that true human development should be participatory and therefore dialogical, this study used Participatory Communication to explore dialogue for collective action within the mentioned intervention. Participatory Communication was applied through the use of the Communication for Participatory Development Model (CFPD), which was used as a guide through which dialogue for collective action was explored. Furthermore, F4L is an organisation that uses retired professional football stars who, acting as role models, offer a unique approach towards effecting behaviour change amongst the communities they work with. Hence in this regard this study used the Social Cognitive Theory to primarily explore the significance of role modelling towards behaviour change in the F4L programme at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre. Taking a qualitative research approach, this study used interviews, focus groups as well as a participant observation schedule to collect the relevant data. This data was analysed through a thematic analysis which was facilitated through the use of a data analysis software package called NVivo. The study reveals how the offenders were excluded from the initial dialogue that took place between F4L and the prison in the recognition of the problems facing the offenders and planning of the intervention. Upon invitation to join the F4L programme the offenders went into it without any sense of ownership or clear understanding of what the programme was about potentially threatening the envisaged purpose of the programme. However, the study also found that the democratic leadership style and genuine efforts of the F4L head Coach (Silver) were able to play a key role in fostering a sense of brotherhood and therefore ownership of the developmental process amongst the offenders leading to the attainment of certain individual as well as social outcomes, i.e. self-reliance, empathy, budgeting skills, collective efficacy as well as communal trust. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

HIV and AIDS is one of the biggest challenges facing South African young people today (Govender, 2010). Young people are at risk, partly through their own behaviour and partly through the attitudes, expectations and limitations of the societies in which they grow up (Panos AIDS Briefing, 1996).The are many HIV prevention programmes developed globally and nationally, specifically for young people but the pandemic still escalates rapidly. The fourth decade now calls for multidimensional approaches when communicating HIV prevention for young people. This thesis explores how young people can contribute to this multidimensional approach through their active participation in the various phases of developing HIV projects. The study does this through a sample of eight youth-focused HIV organisations in KwaZulu-Natal and a sample of students from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, to gain more insight into participation of young people in the development of HIV programmes. Bodymapping, a visual and art-based method, was used to explore young people’s understanding of HIV, their perceptions of HIV programmes and the possibilities of their participation in the developing of further HIV projects. The study used a grounded approach and applied principles of participatory action research to collect data in four phases. The first phase used interviews and focus group discussions with eight sample organisations to give insight into the programmes offered to young people and how they engage and make sense of their participation within these programmes. The second phase draws on previous bodymapping workshops that have been conducted with students from UKZN and young people in various communities to explore the application and relevance of bodymapping. In the third phase, data is presented on two bodymapping workshops conducted, to engage with young people about their contribution to the development of HIV programmes. The final phase draws on two focus group discussions, conducted with bodymapping participants, to examine their experiences and interpretation of the bodymapping process. Some of the key findings indicate that a blanket approach to HIV programmes will not always work, as young people’s sexual behaviour needs to be explored within a wider socio-ecological framework that recognises the inter-relational and interconnected system in which they make their sexual choices. The data indicates that youth and organisations strongly support the importance of participation and the inclusion of participants when developing HIV projects. However, discussions about participation indicated that while young people could identify the importance of participation, they still lacked an understanding of how to participate and how they could learn more about their lived experiences through participation. This was evident in the data where there was a distinction in how participation was defined from those in the UKZN group and those from rural KZN. In understanding what constitutes participation, young people are better positioned to aid the process of developing effective HIV related projects that are participant specific. I argue that bodymapping can be used as a process to initiate and aid the participation of young people in the various phases of developing HIV projects. A three level model for applying bodymapping and planning processes has been developed to encourage participation with young people where the first step ensures that young people define what participation means to them. This becomes the foundation for how communication practitioners and academics make sense and theorise participation from a participant informed perspective. Bodymapping was pivotal in this process of engaging young people in self-reflection and introspection which encouraged a process of dialogue towards better understanding and defining participation from a participant perspective. Bodymapping in this way can be identified as a catalyst that encourages dialogue as part of communication for participatory development. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-20T12:08:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SilmaraSgoti.pdf: 1054317 bytes, checksum: 222c78640e5ffadb4b4780495aa86f79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T12:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilmaraSgoti.pdf: 1054317 bytes, checksum: 222c78640e5ffadb4b4780495aa86f79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The study emphasizes community communication of Quilombolas Carrapatos of Tabatinga, community located in Bom Despacho in the State of Minas Gerais. The objectives are to understand systematically and scientifically based communication processes of participatory and management practices within the community, as well as check for a work in the group or media community outreach or local media to amplify the demands social rights of quilombos in Bom Despacho. The literature built the theoretical framework on communities, community communication and a brief explanation of the Quilombo as a symbol of resistance in Brazil. We used ethnographic research, in the dialectic of parameters, with the support of participant observation in the field of research in certain activities and not permanently, which allowed an on-site study. Additional technical data collection were applied: the interview semi-structured in order to get a clear community descriptions to and interconnecting links in the cultural milieu that is inserted: their black ancestry, the real and symbolic territory and the interaction with the local society. The interviews were with community leaders, community members and some actors of local society. The study of document analysis was complemented regarding quoted Quilombo and secondary data as information already available in public and private bodies or institutions linked to the community. At the conclusion of the study it was found that dialogue is the practice of interpersonal communication and community group of Quilombolas Carrapatos of Tabatinga. In the communication processes between the members of the critical dialogue community is present in discussions about the social demands as the importance quilombo identity, valuing the memory of slave ancestors, the need to resist the prejudice and social inequality in the local society, and the struggle for the constitutional right to repossess the quilombo territories. The community has a dialogical communication with the local society through cultural events, such as the Congado in which it was found the connecting force of social demands in songs, dances and costumes. There is community participation in Bom Despacho media in assigned spaces, sporadically, on commercial radio for dissemination of the cultural events and activities. The community uses social network to publish their content to be a medium of low cost and high coverage. It was found in the city of Bom Despacho no work in group or media community outreach or local, to amplify the social demands of the Quilombo las Carrapatos of Tabatinga. The exercise of community citizenship in Bom Despacho is impaired due to low representation in municipal government by a minority in the city, resulting in a lack of public policies to meet the social demands of the community. All community conquered came through the Federal Government. / O estudo enfatiza a comunicação comunitária dos Quilombolas Carrapatos da Tabatinga, comunidade localizada na cidade de Bom Despacho, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Os objetivos são compreender de modo sistemático e com base científica os processos de comunicação das práticas participativas e de gestão existentes na comunidade, além de verificar se há um trabalho desenvolvido nos meios de comunicação grupais ou midiáticos de alcance comunitário ou local, para amplificar as demandas sociais dos quilombolas em Bom Despacho. A pesquisa bibliográfica construiu o marco teórico sobre comunidades, comunicação comunitária e uma breve explanação sobre o Quilombo como símbolo de resistência no Brasil. Utilizou-se a pesquisa etnográfica, sob os parâmetros da dialética, com apoio da observação participante na investigação de campo, em determinadas atividades e não de forma permanente, que permitiu um estudo in loco. Foram aplicadas técnicas complementares de coleta de dados: a entrevista semiestruturada como forma de obter com clareza as descrições da comunidade e as relações comunicantes no meio cultural que está inserida: a sua ancestralidade negra, o território real e simbólico e o convívio com a sociedade local. As entrevistas foram com os líderes comunitários, membros da comunidade e alguns atores da sociedade local. Complementou-se o estudo com análise documental referente a comunidade quilombola citada e com dados secundários como: informações já disponíveis em órgãos públicos e privados ou instituições vinculadas a comunidade. Na conclusão do estudo verificou-se que o diálogo é a práxis da comunicação comunitária interpessoal e grupal dos Quilombolas Carrapatos da Tabatinga. Nos processos comunicacionais entre os membros da comunidade o diálogo crítico se faz presente nas discussões sobre as demandas sociais como: a importância da identidade quilombola, a valorização da memória dos ancestrais escravos, a necessidade de resistirem ao preconceito e a desigualdade social na sociedade local, e a luta pelo direito constitucional de reaver os territórios quilombolas. A comunidade tem uma comunicação dialógica com a sociedade local, por meio das manifestações culturais, como no Congado, no qual constatou-se a força comunicante das demandas sociais nos cantos, danças e indumentárias. Há participação da comunidade nos meios de comunicação de Bom Despacho em espaços cedidos, de forma esporádica, em rádio comercial para divulgação dos seus eventos e atividades culturais. A comunidade utiliza rede social para publicar seus conteúdos, por ser um meio de comunicação de baixo custo e alta abrangência. Não foi constatado na cidade de Bom Despacho nenhum trabalho desenvolvido nos meios de comunicação midiáticos de alcance comunitário ou local, para amplificar as demandas sociais dos Quilombolas Carrapatos da Tabatinga. O exercício da cidadania da comunidade em Bom Despacho é prejudicado, por ser minoria tem baixa representatividade no poder público municipal, o que resulta em falta de políticas públicas que atenda as demandas sociais da comunidade, as conquistas sociais da comunidade vieram por meio do Governo Federal.

The aim of this study is to explore the introduction of IsiXhosa (iintsomi) as an alternative method in the maternal health education in rural Primary Health Care in the Eastern Cape. An informal preliminary observation of a maternal health lesson by the researcher indicated a further need for maternal health educators to introduce storytelling into the health content themes. To re-inforce the maternal health educator lesson on the causes of teenage pregnancy, lifestyles for pregnant women, causes of miscarriage and termination of pregnancy, the Community Health Workers can undoubtedly use isiXhosa iintsomi in selected clinics and maternal waiting homes. As a readily available resource that cuts across all literacy barriers, iintsomi (isiXhosa) fosters a cross-cultural consultation which enables the healthcare worker to convey messages that make sense to the rural women. While the conventional methods of teaching have a tendency to create tension and lack of participation, use of folktale (iintsomi) have huge potential to bring lesson enjoyment; a meaningful interaction and story sharing by the maternal health educator, the pregnant women and greater community; access to important health messages; and strengthened utilisation of Primary Health Care. The study therefore suggests that there is a place for isiXhosa iintsomi: From the Fireplace into the Workplace.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Office Management and Technology)-Durban Institute of Technology, 2004 v, 105 leaves / This topic was initiated because of love of community development and information communication application by the researcher. It was further strengthened by taking part during the International Wowen University (Ifu) practice in 2000. The main theme of the study was Information Age. Ifu is well known as the virtual university, which is based in Germany at the University of Hamburg. The researcher, together with eight other women from different countries, designed and developed a model for community development by using ICTs. The model can be used as a basic guide for similar projects. The work, therefore in this thesis is based on personal experiences shared experiences, and research as well as by reading others experiences. This study provides ideas for potential community development by using Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in rural areas with special reference to Ward Three of Durban Metro. The results of the study confirmed the saying “If you can’t beat them join them”. This study reported on research conducted in two different rural areas known as Bamshela and Ward Three. The results from the first area Bamshela, illustrated the way forward for Ward Three. Since the ICTs center exists in Bamshela the author received more information about the centre’s utilisation than its establishment. The focus on the second area emphasises the necessity, awareness and participation in community development. The three specifics focuses on whether there is a need for the ICTs centre for community development. Further more the study focused on areas where ICTs played prominent roles, such as in policy making, education, globalisation, ICTs, community development and participation of community members in community development projects.

This research focuses on a rock art recording process as a possible social development project from a Communication for Participatory Development perspective. The study is part of and builds on the wider National Heritage Council-funded Biesje Poort: KhoiSan rock art recording project. The wider project’s overall objective is “to alert and assist the local authority to the presence of a KhoiSan Heritage resource/s in their area of jurisdiction and assist in developing its educational and tourism potential” (NHC/Lange 2010, proposal). One of the project’s secondary objectives is to transfer skills in the recording and representation of the rock engravings and broader cultural landscape via GPS mapping to members of a present day KhoiSan community in the Northern Cape, as well as to young researchers from a variety of educational institutions in South Africa. My research explores and documents the role of participatory communication in the project including its promotion of skills transference, empowerment, and the level of participation amongst all participants. In doing so, the research investigates the dialogue, power relations and research negotiation between members of the multicultural and multidisciplinary research team. Data is gathered via participant observation and face-to-face interviews that is then analysed against participatory development communication principles as outlined in models such as Communication for Participatory Development (Kincaid & Figueroa, 2009), and strategies such as Participatory Action Research (PAR). Findings generated from this study reveal that in spite of all challenges encountered by participants the intended project objectives were met. This study further provides an insight into other possible research outcomes that could be achieved by implementing a participatory communication research with multicultural and multidisciplinary participants. Taking into account the possible influence that this research’s contextual dynamics could have exerted on the outcomes, recommendations have been made that further research be undertaken on a broader scale to provide more definitive evidence of using this approach. Further recommendations are made that dialogue, and skills acquisition or transference, be at the heart of every participatory communication. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.