This thesis resituates the Community Development programme as the key social intervention attempted by the British Colonial Office in Africa in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A preference for planning, growing confidence in metropolitan intervention, and the gradualist determination of Fabian socialist politicians and experts resulted in a programme that stressed modernity, progressive individualism, initiative, cooperative communities and a new type of responsible citizenship. Eventual self-rule would be well-served by this new contract between colonial administrations and African citizens. The thesis focuses on the implementation of the Mass Education programme in Nyasaland, and, more specifically, on a small but significant Mass Education scheme at Domasi, that operated between 1949 and 1954 in Nyasaland??s south. The political and social context in which the Mass Education scheme was implemented in Nyasaland is important. The approach taken by the government of the Protectorate before the mid-1940s is discussed, and previous welfare interventions described and critically assessed. The initial approach to Mass Education in Nyasaland is also dwelt upon in some detail. The narrative concentrates upon the scheme itself. Three themes emerge and are discussed successively ?? the provision of social services adapted to the perceived needs of Africans, the enforcement of environmental restrictions and inappropriate social and agricultural models, and the attempted introduction of representative local government. All three interventions were intended to promote the precepts of Mass Education, but instead resulted in the extension of state administrative power. The manner in which this occurred is explored throughout the thesis. Mass Education at Domasi did not result in the creation of a new form of citizenship in Nyasaland. It contributed instead to a breakdown in the narrative of social development and eventual self-rule that had legitimised British rule. The riots that occurred in 1953 tore at the precepts that underpinned the Mass Education programme. The immediacy of self-rule and independence resulted in a shift in emphasis within the Colonial Office and the colonial government in Nyasaland from social intervention and to constitutional reform and political development. There simultaneously emerged a new rural transcript, one that privileged open opposition to the colonial social prescription over subtle and hidden rural resistance. At a time when nationalist politics was in disarray in Nyasaland, rural Africans spoke back to colonial power.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes special study report entitled: The architectural language of Tai O. Includes bibliographical references (leaves.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1975. / Typewritten.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1982.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1983.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

The purpose of the study was to describe and analyse community participation in attempts to start a community garden project in the Shakashead community. A key focus of the study was to identify the level of participation of the community in all aspects of the project cycle, that is, the planning, implementation monitoring and evaluation phases. The study was carried out in an informal settlement situated in the North Coast about 75km from Durban. The community garden project was funded by the Luthuli Education Trust and initiated by the Borough of the Dolphin Coast as an endeavour to address abject poverty and unemployment in the community. Qualitative research methodology guided the evaluative nature of the research. The case study research strategy was used as the community garden project in the Shakashead community served as an example of a development programme in action. The data collection methods included participant observation and semi-structured, individual interviews. Purposive sampling was used to obtain respondents for this study. This process involved the deliberate selection of members who played significant roles in the attempts to start a community garden project in the Shakashead community. These research respondents included members of the Shakashead Civic Resident's Association, a Development Consultant who represented the funding organisation and the client liaison officer employed by the Dolphin Coast Borough. The overall aim was to document their perceptions and understanding of the attempts to start the community garden project and the reasons for the unsuccessful operation of the project. Four major themes emerged from the data to exemplify the significant elements of community involvement experienced in the attempts to start a community garden project in the Shakashead community. These themes included: a) the structural components required for full community participation; b) the importance of support and training for community members; c) local leadership and its impact on development; d) the hierarchical procedures of organisations. The recommendations included areas for further research and several changes ID working practices. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

Apartheid city planning ensured that different races lived separately. Non Whites i.e. Coloureds, Indians and African Blacks were sited far from city centres and from the public amenities closer to the wealthier parts of the city. Black residential settlements in particular, did not have proper:-(i) drainage (ii) roads (iii) libraries (iv) post-offices (v) sports fields (vi) public swimming pool for children (vii) bioscope arena and (viii) old age homes for the senior citizens. The mushrooming of the squatter camps in the Durban Functional area during the 80 's has been an indication that Blacks needed other basic urban infrastructure. They wanted to reside near the city centre where most of them sold their labour. When political violence erupted in the rural areas of KZN (after the unbanning of political organizations, mainly the African National Congress) people moved away from the violence - stricken areas to places near the city where they erected temporary structures, the shacks or "imijondolo ' in the Zulu language. After 1994 the Government of National Unity (the first democratically elected government) came with new initiatives to improve the living conditions in the shack villages. For the first time the Metro City planning policy system took informal settlement into consideration. Through the new government housing approach the poor were granted the housing subsidy which would enable them to own a new home in a place closer to their place of work. Canaan informal settlement could not be upgraded because of the landslide. Instead residents of Canaan were relocated to Quarry Heights where they now have access to proper infrastructure. The community now has access to electricity, clean water, properly constructed roads with streetlights and proper sewerage. This paper demonstrates that the beneficiaries of Quarry Heights have been the rightful recipients of the new product. They now live under improved conditions. The housing project/product of Quarry Heights, it seems has reached the intended target group, which is the poorest of the poor. The state is gradually meeting the needs of the homeless, their wants' are being prioritized and redressed. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.