Root symbioses with dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide plant tolerance to environmental stresses. This research answers several fundamental questions about the occurrence of these fungi in roots of prairie grasses. Traditional methods and current molecular techniques were combined in order to: 1) define the role and specificity of DSE in plant tolerance to drought; 2) assess the level of host specificity in DSE; 3) document AMF biodiversity and pattern of root colonization at different soil depths; 4) define the influence of soil depth and plant species on the distribution of DSE and AMF in roots and; 5) reveal how DSE and AMF interact in plant roots.<p> Under controlled conditions, DSE isolates showed host preference in colonizing roots and promoting plant growth. They colonized with more intensity the plant species from which they were isolated [Agropyron cristatum L. or Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch) Nevski subsp. Juncea (Syn: Elymus junceus Fisch)]. Inoculation with five DSE isolates resulted in growth stimulation of the C3 grasses A. cristatum and P. juncea, and growth depression of the C4 grass Bouteloua gracillis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths, under water stress. Plant C concentration suggested that DSE inoculation may have resulted in net C drain from B. gracillis.<p. In the field, soil depth influenced root colonization in A. cristatum, Panicum virgatum L., Nassella viridula Trin and Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve., while AMF diversity was influenced by the interaction between soil depth and host plant species. Molecular analysis of roots serially sampled during one growing season from the A and B soil horizons, in stands of these grasses, revealed spatial and temporal changes in DSE and AMF community composition, and a significant correlation in DSE and AMF community structure.<p> These results suggest that DSE and AMF are adapted to specific environmental conditions and that root occupation by these fungi is a dynamic phenomenon. It is proposed that temporal variation in root occupation by DSE and AMF impacts plant and ecosystem processes at different times during the growing season.

Root symbioses with dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide plant tolerance to environmental stresses. This research answers several fundamental questions about the occurrence of these fungi in roots of prairie grasses. Traditional methods and current molecular techniques were combined in order to: 1) define the role and specificity of DSE in plant tolerance to drought; 2) assess the level of host specificity in DSE; 3) document AMF biodiversity and pattern of root colonization at different soil depths; 4) define the influence of soil depth and plant species on the distribution of DSE and AMF in roots and; 5) reveal how DSE and AMF interact in plant roots.<p> Under controlled conditions, DSE isolates showed host preference in colonizing roots and promoting plant growth. They colonized with more intensity the plant species from which they were isolated [Agropyron cristatum L. or Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch) Nevski subsp. Juncea (Syn: Elymus junceus Fisch)]. Inoculation with five DSE isolates resulted in growth stimulation of the C3 grasses A. cristatum and P. juncea, and growth depression of the C4 grass Bouteloua gracillis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths, under water stress. Plant C concentration suggested that DSE inoculation may have resulted in net C drain from B. gracillis.<p. In the field, soil depth influenced root colonization in A. cristatum, Panicum virgatum L., Nassella viridula Trin and Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve., while AMF diversity was influenced by the interaction between soil depth and host plant species. Molecular analysis of roots serially sampled during one growing season from the A and B soil horizons, in stands of these grasses, revealed spatial and temporal changes in DSE and AMF community composition, and a significant correlation in DSE and AMF community structure.<p> These results suggest that DSE and AMF are adapted to specific environmental conditions and that root occupation by these fungi is a dynamic phenomenon. It is proposed that temporal variation in root occupation by DSE and AMF impacts plant and ecosystem processes at different times during the growing season.

Bacteria are mediators of biogeochemical cycles and are in this way vital for maintaining life on earth. Their distribution, abundance and functioning are driven by environmental heterogeneity and dynamic change in abiotic and biotic factors. Both, freshwater lakes and oceans play central roles in the global carbon cycle and bacteria in these systems perform many services for the ecosystems, such as the transfer of organic carbon from primary producers to higher trophic levels. With estimated relative abundances up to 50% of the total bacterioplankton, the Alphaproteobacteria lineage SAR11 is the most abundant group of aquatic bacteria. It is globally distributed and can be partitioned into multiple sub-clades, one of which is exclusive to freshwaters. Until recently, the distribution, abundance and ecological role of this freshwater SAR11 named LD12 was unknown. The aim of the thesis was to study the drivers and mechanisms that influence the dynamics of aquatic bacterial communities in general and the SAR11 and LD12 groups in particular. The thesis consists of environmental surveys of a mesotrophic Lake Erken and the western Southern Ocean, an experiment and a data-mining exercise to reveal the phylogenetic structure of the SAR11 lineage on various temporal and spatial scales. The analysis of a long-term bacterioplankton community survey in lake Erken provided insights about the dynamics of the entire bacterial community and the LD12 population over an annual cycle. The results demonstrate that LD12 can be an equally abundant member of freshwater communities as marine SAR11 in oceans. LD12 featured strong seasonality and was positively coupled to environmental conditions indicative for an oligotrophic lifestyle. LD12 as well as other dominant lake bacterioplankton also maintained stable populations throughout spatial and temporal varying environments, but at high phylogenetic resolution, habitat preferences were revealed, particularly in response to oxygen concentrations. The later was not the case in LD12 as a single ribotype dominated. This is in stark contrast to the habitat partitioning with light availability, depth and water masses observed for marine SAR11 subclades in the Southern Ocean. The global data-mining corroborated that LD12 as a group was much less diverse than SAR11 furthermore, suggesting that the marine-freshwater barrier acted as a population bottleneck. My work shows that bacterial populations can respond in very different ways to environmental drivers, highlight the importance of highly resolved temporal and spatial scales as well as the need for high phylogenetic resolutions to target ecologically coherent populations.

No description available.

No description available.

Coal surface-mining is often implicated for its negative impacts on native flora and fauna. However, some studies suggest that, in reclaiming land after mining, there may be potential to create early successional habitat needed by many avian species currently in decline throughout eastern North America. I evaluated nest-site selection and nest success for on reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia during the summers of 2010 and 2011. For this nest-site analysis, I focused on 2 bird species common to reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia: field sparrows (Spizella pusillia) and indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea). In addition, I assessed bird community attributes in relation to various surface-mine reclamation regimens over a 5-year period from 2007-2011. For both species, I found estimates of daily nest success to be higher than other estimates reported in the literature; however, empirical estimates of adult and juvenile survival are needed to provide better estimates of population status. For field sparrows, models of avian nest success support the hypothesis that a tradeoff exists between nest concealment and a view of the surroundings for field sparrows. For indigo buntings, year explained the most variation in nest success, with much lower estimates of daily nest survival in 2010, possibly as a result of increased precipitation. I also assessed avian community dynamics in relation to vegetation changes on reclaimed mine sites and observed a total of 96 species throughout the 4 years of sampling. Local species persistence and species turnover were comparable to another continental scale study conducted using breeding bird survey (BBS) data. Observed changes in community vital rates were likely a result of changes in certain habitat attributes over the 5-year period. Lastly, seven species were unique to certain cover types, suggesting the need to consider landscape level processes when developing restoration guidelines for reclaimed coal surface-mines. / Master of Science

This study examined modifications made by Pogonomyrmex barbatus, by their processes of granivory and nest construction, to forb and grass dynamics under large-scale disturbances of fire, recent drought and long-term, large-mammalian herbivory using comparative studies, field experimental manipulations, and a simulation model on the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Ant nests are refugia for grass survival during extreme droughts as demonstrated during the drought of 1998 to 2002. Significantly greater cover of grasses and lower abundance and cover of forbs was found beside nests compared with surrounding habitat throughout the drought and recovery. Grasses near nests may be the seed source for surrounding habitats during recovery. Seeds were differentially collected among most forbs and grasses despite seed abundance. Harvest was significantly reduced in the fall relative to spring. During preference experiments, harvest differences were found between grazing treatments for two of four species, but only during the spring. High lipid content seeds were unpreferred in fall compared to high protein and carbohydrate content seeds. Granivory influences on seedling establishment were studied by comparing seedling recruitment among sown and naturally occurring seeds excluded and open to foragers. Exclosures were placed in three nest densities and two burn treatments. Seeds in exclosures produced significantly more seedlings than open arenas only during the first year of drought recovery. Densities of grasses and annual forbs were higher in open arenas the second year due to indirect effects of granivory. By reducing seeds ants release seedlings from competition. Sown seedling abundance was unaffected by colony density and fire. Colony density and distribution were influenced by topography, soil types, soil depth and woody cover, but not by historical grazing treatments. Cleared vegetation on nest disks impacted less than 1% of total surface area and losses were compensated by greater basal cover of grasses next to disks compared to surrounding habitats. Foraging areas influenced 17.3-73.6% of surface area and could diminish seed populations for potential seedlings. Model results agree with experimental observations that communities may be modified by P. barbatus presence due to differential responses of grass species to interaction between nests or granivory and rainfall amounts.

Os ecossistemas campestres co-evoluíram com distúrbios como a herbivoria e o fogo. Assim, estes fatores são importantes no surgimento e manutenção de características da comunidade, podendo modificar os processos de sucessão. Em áreas perturbadas, as sementes que persistem no solo participam da regeneração natural. Diante da alta taxa de conversão dos campos nativos no sul do Brasil em áreas de uso intensivo (lavoura ou plantios de espécies arbóreas), bem como do manejo pastoril com alta pressão animal, aumenta o interesse em estudos relacionados ao banco de sementes do solo (BSS), buscando compreender a sua função nas comunidades vegetais e na regeneração de áreas degradadas. O conhecimento já existente sobre BSS em biomas campestres do hemisfério sul ainda é incipiente. Grande parte dos trabalhos feitos em campos sul-americanos compararam o BSS entre áreas de vegetação pastejadas e áreas abandonadas, sendo poucos os que utilizaram diferentes intensidades de pastejo, apesar de efeitos claros de diferentes intensidades de pastejo sobre a composição e estrutura da vegetação. Em vista disto, foi avaliado, neste trabalho, o BSS em um experimento em campo submetido a diferentes intensidades de pastejo, em duas estações (primavera e outono), utilizando o método de emergência de plântulas. Também foi feito o levantamento da vegetação estabelecida para avaliar a similaridade com o BSS. Em total, foram encontradas 103 espécies no BSS e 162 na vegetação estabelecida. No BSS, a porcentagem de espécies de caráter ruderal foi alta. Diferenças significativas em termos de densidade e riqueza do BSS foram encontradas somente entre o tratamento com maior intensidade de pastejo e os demais. De forma geral, a semelhança entre o BSS e a vegetação estabelecida foi baixa. Assim, estes resultados indicam que o BSS tem um papel limitado na recuperação da vegetação campestre típica após distúrbios mais severos e que, aparentemente, a intensidade do manejo não tem um impacto muito grande para o BSS. Apesar disso, o BSS é importante pelo armazenamento das características naturais dos ambientes, agregando funções à regeneração da comunidade vegetal. / Grassland ecosystems co-evolved with disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and these factors are important for emergence and maintenance of community features areas. After disturbances, the seeds that persist in the soil contribute to regeneration processes. However, increasing conversion of natural grasslands into areas of intensive use (agriculture and exotic tree plantations), as well as overgrazing make the study of the regeneration of grassland vegetation after these severe disturbances an important research topic. Our knowledge on the role of the soil seed bank (SSB) in grassland biomes in the southern hemisphere still is incipient. The majority of studies realized in South American grassland compared the SSB between grazed and abandoned areas, and few consider different intensities of grazing, despite clear effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation composition and structure. In view of this, in this study, the SSB was evaluated in a grassland experiment under different intensities of grazing in two seasons (spring and autumn), using the seedling emergence method. In spring, a survey of the established vegetation was conducted to evaluate the similarity with the SSB. In total, we found 103 species in the SSB and 162 in established vegetation. The SSB was mostly composed of ruderal species. Grass species dominant in aboveground vegetation were largely absent in the SSB. Significant differences regarding SSB richness and density were only found between the treatment with higher intensity of grazing and the others, and overall composition did not differ among treatments. In general, the similarity between the SSB and established vegetation was low. Our results indicate that the SSB has a limited role in the recovery of natural grassland vegetation after more severe disturbances. Apparently, the intensity of management does not have a very large impact on the SSB or on the similarity between SSB and established vegetation. Nevertheless, the SSB is important for storage the natural characteristics of environments, adding functions to the regeneration of the plant community.

Os ecossistemas campestres co-evoluíram com distúrbios como a herbivoria e o fogo. Assim, estes fatores são importantes no surgimento e manutenção de características da comunidade, podendo modificar os processos de sucessão. Em áreas perturbadas, as sementes que persistem no solo participam da regeneração natural. Diante da alta taxa de conversão dos campos nativos no sul do Brasil em áreas de uso intensivo (lavoura ou plantios de espécies arbóreas), bem como do manejo pastoril com alta pressão animal, aumenta o interesse em estudos relacionados ao banco de sementes do solo (BSS), buscando compreender a sua função nas comunidades vegetais e na regeneração de áreas degradadas. O conhecimento já existente sobre BSS em biomas campestres do hemisfério sul ainda é incipiente. Grande parte dos trabalhos feitos em campos sul-americanos compararam o BSS entre áreas de vegetação pastejadas e áreas abandonadas, sendo poucos os que utilizaram diferentes intensidades de pastejo, apesar de efeitos claros de diferentes intensidades de pastejo sobre a composição e estrutura da vegetação. Em vista disto, foi avaliado, neste trabalho, o BSS em um experimento em campo submetido a diferentes intensidades de pastejo, em duas estações (primavera e outono), utilizando o método de emergência de plântulas. Também foi feito o levantamento da vegetação estabelecida para avaliar a similaridade com o BSS. Em total, foram encontradas 103 espécies no BSS e 162 na vegetação estabelecida. No BSS, a porcentagem de espécies de caráter ruderal foi alta. Diferenças significativas em termos de densidade e riqueza do BSS foram encontradas somente entre o tratamento com maior intensidade de pastejo e os demais. De forma geral, a semelhança entre o BSS e a vegetação estabelecida foi baixa. Assim, estes resultados indicam que o BSS tem um papel limitado na recuperação da vegetação campestre típica após distúrbios mais severos e que, aparentemente, a intensidade do manejo não tem um impacto muito grande para o BSS. Apesar disso, o BSS é importante pelo armazenamento das características naturais dos ambientes, agregando funções à regeneração da comunidade vegetal. / Grassland ecosystems co-evolved with disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and these factors are important for emergence and maintenance of community features areas. After disturbances, the seeds that persist in the soil contribute to regeneration processes. However, increasing conversion of natural grasslands into areas of intensive use (agriculture and exotic tree plantations), as well as overgrazing make the study of the regeneration of grassland vegetation after these severe disturbances an important research topic. Our knowledge on the role of the soil seed bank (SSB) in grassland biomes in the southern hemisphere still is incipient. The majority of studies realized in South American grassland compared the SSB between grazed and abandoned areas, and few consider different intensities of grazing, despite clear effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation composition and structure. In view of this, in this study, the SSB was evaluated in a grassland experiment under different intensities of grazing in two seasons (spring and autumn), using the seedling emergence method. In spring, a survey of the established vegetation was conducted to evaluate the similarity with the SSB. In total, we found 103 species in the SSB and 162 in established vegetation. The SSB was mostly composed of ruderal species. Grass species dominant in aboveground vegetation were largely absent in the SSB. Significant differences regarding SSB richness and density were only found between the treatment with higher intensity of grazing and the others, and overall composition did not differ among treatments. In general, the similarity between the SSB and established vegetation was low. Our results indicate that the SSB has a limited role in the recovery of natural grassland vegetation after more severe disturbances. Apparently, the intensity of management does not have a very large impact on the SSB or on the similarity between SSB and established vegetation. Nevertheless, the SSB is important for storage the natural characteristics of environments, adding functions to the regeneration of the plant community.

Os ecossistemas campestres co-evoluíram com distúrbios como a herbivoria e o fogo. Assim, estes fatores são importantes no surgimento e manutenção de características da comunidade, podendo modificar os processos de sucessão. Em áreas perturbadas, as sementes que persistem no solo participam da regeneração natural. Diante da alta taxa de conversão dos campos nativos no sul do Brasil em áreas de uso intensivo (lavoura ou plantios de espécies arbóreas), bem como do manejo pastoril com alta pressão animal, aumenta o interesse em estudos relacionados ao banco de sementes do solo (BSS), buscando compreender a sua função nas comunidades vegetais e na regeneração de áreas degradadas. O conhecimento já existente sobre BSS em biomas campestres do hemisfério sul ainda é incipiente. Grande parte dos trabalhos feitos em campos sul-americanos compararam o BSS entre áreas de vegetação pastejadas e áreas abandonadas, sendo poucos os que utilizaram diferentes intensidades de pastejo, apesar de efeitos claros de diferentes intensidades de pastejo sobre a composição e estrutura da vegetação. Em vista disto, foi avaliado, neste trabalho, o BSS em um experimento em campo submetido a diferentes intensidades de pastejo, em duas estações (primavera e outono), utilizando o método de emergência de plântulas. Também foi feito o levantamento da vegetação estabelecida para avaliar a similaridade com o BSS. Em total, foram encontradas 103 espécies no BSS e 162 na vegetação estabelecida. No BSS, a porcentagem de espécies de caráter ruderal foi alta. Diferenças significativas em termos de densidade e riqueza do BSS foram encontradas somente entre o tratamento com maior intensidade de pastejo e os demais. De forma geral, a semelhança entre o BSS e a vegetação estabelecida foi baixa. Assim, estes resultados indicam que o BSS tem um papel limitado na recuperação da vegetação campestre típica após distúrbios mais severos e que, aparentemente, a intensidade do manejo não tem um impacto muito grande para o BSS. Apesar disso, o BSS é importante pelo armazenamento das características naturais dos ambientes, agregando funções à regeneração da comunidade vegetal. / Grassland ecosystems co-evolved with disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and these factors are important for emergence and maintenance of community features areas. After disturbances, the seeds that persist in the soil contribute to regeneration processes. However, increasing conversion of natural grasslands into areas of intensive use (agriculture and exotic tree plantations), as well as overgrazing make the study of the regeneration of grassland vegetation after these severe disturbances an important research topic. Our knowledge on the role of the soil seed bank (SSB) in grassland biomes in the southern hemisphere still is incipient. The majority of studies realized in South American grassland compared the SSB between grazed and abandoned areas, and few consider different intensities of grazing, despite clear effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation composition and structure. In view of this, in this study, the SSB was evaluated in a grassland experiment under different intensities of grazing in two seasons (spring and autumn), using the seedling emergence method. In spring, a survey of the established vegetation was conducted to evaluate the similarity with the SSB. In total, we found 103 species in the SSB and 162 in established vegetation. The SSB was mostly composed of ruderal species. Grass species dominant in aboveground vegetation were largely absent in the SSB. Significant differences regarding SSB richness and density were only found between the treatment with higher intensity of grazing and the others, and overall composition did not differ among treatments. In general, the similarity between the SSB and established vegetation was low. Our results indicate that the SSB has a limited role in the recovery of natural grassland vegetation after more severe disturbances. Apparently, the intensity of management does not have a very large impact on the SSB or on the similarity between SSB and established vegetation. Nevertheless, the SSB is important for storage the natural characteristics of environments, adding functions to the regeneration of the plant community.