SUMMARY This study is to focus on the ¡§Community Health Management Center ¡§ on the selected four administrative districts in Kaohsiung City in the year 2000.The main study is to discuss with the public that involved in these four CHMC Administrations, to obtain their evaluation and assessments, community consciousness, the understanding with the community participants and the interaction of health ordinance behavior. The method of the study is to adopt quantitative research and interview survey. The report and statistic information submitted by the four administrative districts of CHMC in Kaohsiung have great difference with the original plans as outlined by the administrative health department. Thus, the interview survey is organized to enable further negotiation with the key person of four administrative of CHMC. The questionnaire survey with the public health nurse have to be again conduct. The findings of the study and survey are: 1¡BWhen issuing the health management plans by the department of the Executive Yuan, it has clearly states its objective, contents of work and operation procedure. The health department of Kaohsiung City council has also stipulated its community health terms and conditions. However, the rules and regulations have not been strictly performed. 2¡BIn terms of Non-profit organization: a. The difference nature of administrative district, the community consciousness and the community participation will have some differences in understandings, satisfaction, health consciousness with CHMC. b. There are different strategic and management results on different modes of non-profit organization in CHMC. c. The satisfaction of community participants involve in the CHMC and the community residents consciousness is inter-related with CHMC¡¦s understanding and health ordinance. d. As a whole, the participants of public in the CHMC with self-consciousness in physical body is in inverse proportion to the health ordinance and health consciousness. The behavior of the two is in direct proportion. The four administrative districts of CHMC, due to the fact of the method of sampling and the mode of non-profit organization, the style of management is different which will result in different reaction. In conclusion, in accordance with the research and study of the writer would thereby propose to the Government, Non-Profit Organization and Community resident as follows: A. The Government: 1. To perform the evaluation and assessment in detail and complete. 2. To assist the non-profit organization and health department and relevant parties in the coordination of medical resources. B. The operation and management of non-profit organization: 1. To promote and organize various kinds of activities to public. To upgrade the health condition community resident. 2. To integrate and the use of community resources . 3. The management strategy on the Non-Profit Organization. C. Community resident ¡G 1. To develop the self-independent of individual and actively involve in the improvement-upgrade of the community . 2. For the sake of community development in the long term¡Aall community residents should develop the concept of ¡§user pay¡¨basis.

Ecotourism emerged as an alternative form of tourism in the 1990s to mitigate the faults of conventional (mass) tourism in meeting the needs of sustainable development. It has since become widespread in Thailand and is adopted not only in natural areas but also in rural communities. Key elements of ecotourism include a focus on ecological resources, sustainable management, environmental education, and community participation. Community participation receives a high degree of consideration among developers in Thailand. Ecotourism (ET) is seen to support this concept and is increasingly geared in the direction of social development. These trends form the backdrop to this study on community participation in ecotourism development. The study applies a triangulation methodology to collect data by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, combining theory and empirical study to analyse the context of how local people have participated in ecotourism development. The study pays particular attention to the practices and opinions of local people in recognition of communities' rights and responsibilities in controlling their own development. The empirical study was carried out at two levels, including a general survey by postal questionnaire (thirty-one respondents) and in-depth study in four areas (Umphang, Khiriwong, Sasom and Tha Madua). The research merges theory and practice into an analysis and empirical presentation throughout the study. Theoretically, the thesis is informed by political economy and political ecology approaches, together with the concept of participation in community development and tourism development models. The research found that many communities achieve a degree of self-management in offering tourism services such as homestays, guided tours, cultural performances and cultural products. Community ecotourism organisations have been established in most communities in order to serve these new activities and to create a collective management process. Similarities in pattern and differentiation in practices among many communities were supported by different outside initiatives, developed according to similar aims and involving similar processes, but there is no uniformity or single model that is effectively applied to all communities. One significant barrier for local communities to take a major role in ecotourism is the access to ecotourism resources, which are mostly located in protected areas and are controlled by state agencies. This has led them to promote primarily their own cultural resources. Consequently, these practical changes have led to a transformation of the dominant development concept from Ecotourism (ET) to Community-based Ecotourism (CBET). Results also show that most practices involve a level of cooperation in decision-making and action with other stakeholders who are in a better position to run tourism businesses. It is difficult for local communities to be empowered to control the whole situation, which is sometimes claimed to be the ultimate goal level of local participation. The demands of marketing and conflict in management among local people, together with the limitations in accessing natural resources, are the weakest points of and constraints on the communities. To deal with these limitations, communities try to create relationships with outsiders. To develop better management of community tourism, many communities rely on help and support from outside, especially from government agencies. This, however, impels the community to become dependent on outsiders. It is also hard for communities to generate a high level of income offering basic services, since there are many levels of demand from different types of ecotourists. In summary, the main contributions of this study are: an understanding of community tourism in Thailand; the experiences of ecotourism development in the community from the leading case studies; directions, roles and responsibilities of actors and community organisations in particular; a range of options for community action in support of a more participatory process in ecotourism development. Last but not least is a set of recommendations for community-based ecotourism development from the level of policy application to practical improvement at the community level.

This thesis examines women’s participation in community-managed water systems in peri-urban Cochabamba, Bolivia based on fieldwork conducted from June-August 2013. Informed by a Feminist political ecology framework, this thesis demonstrates that there are key gendered differences in experiences with water because women are the primary managers of water in the home, and their labour, time and livelihoods are significantly impacted by the lack of safe water. By unearthing women’s experiences and opinions from a number of water committees, networked systems of water should be considered part of a ‘feminist agenda’ as having access to networked water systems decreases women’s physical workloads and the costs of household water. However, while networked water systems are not perfect from a gendered perspective as male community members hold most of the decision-making positions, alliances with progressive NGOs play an important role within Cochabamba’s waterscape as they promote a politics of equity and encourage women to see themselves as vocal subjects, able to define and defend their gender interests.

Indonesia has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in Southeast Asia. Community participation has been known to reduce maternal mortality in some areas in Indonesia. However, in Aceh Province, the prevalence remains higher than the general Indonesian maternal mortality rate. The aim of this research was to gain an understanding of pregnancy and childbirth experiences from multiple perspectives, in relation to the use of maternal health services in Aceh, Indonesia. The conceptual framework was based on the importance of community engagement in improving maternal health. A qualitative study design with a grounded theory approach was utilised. This approach was chosen in order to gain an understanding of the social processes and ways in which experiences of pregnancy and childbirth are related to maternal death incidents. The process inherent in the method enabled the emergence of important theoretical concepts. A theoretical sampling strategy was employed. The data collection used multiple methods that involved a series of in-depth interviews, observations and focus group discussions with women, family members, a village leader and health professionals. The sample size was determined by data saturation (19 women, 15 family members, 7 health professionals, 3 kaders, 4 student midwives and 1 village leader participated). Ethical approval was gained and the research setting was in the two villages of Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Data were coded and analysed by following a constant comparison process. The emergent core category, entitled “maternal death: the elephant in the room” explains the views of the community about maternal death incidents in the research setting. The research findings highlighted that despite the maternal mortality rate still being high in the region, maternal death was not focused upon, as a problem within the community. The research findings revealed that maternal mortality was a hidden problem within the community, and was related to inadequate maternity practices in the village. The core category “maternal death: the elephant in the room” was found to consist of four interrelated categories. The categories of the value of midwifery in the community, desicion-making of maternity care, social control of the childbearing and distancing of maternal deaths; explain maternity practices in the community. Understanding of social processes related to maternal health can assist in informing strategies to improve the quality of maternal healthcare in Aceh Indonesia.

Magister Legum - LLM

No description available.

Quality of life is a phrase that most people are familiar with, regardless of whether or not they can define it. Much research has been conducted across disciplines in an effort to explain the construct. As human service programs become more focused on outcomes, there is greater interest in measuring quality of life as an indicator of service quality and success. This study was designed to test whether or not quality of life differences exist between adults with developmental disabilities and the general population at an item, scale, and composite level. The quality of life dimensions that were tested included items related to well-being, community participation, access to services and human rights, and choice and decision-making. Differences were found in well-being and decision-making. Differences were also present in certain access items. The two groups also differed in overall quality of life with those with developmental disabilities having lower quality of life. A logistic regression model that was comprised of the life dimensions differentiated between the two groups with over 90% accuracy. Overall results indicate that adults with developmental disabilities are at a significant disadvantage with regard to quality of life in comparison with the general population.

The heritage of Java is the product of a complex mix of cultures that historically influenced the island: Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Javanese, Chinese, and Dutch. Indonesian cultural heritage is represented through many aspects of the nation; the history, the way of life, the identity which should be preserved not only for the present, but for the future. Unfortunately, Indonesian heritage faces many problems; many historic buildings have been demolished, neglected and not well maintained. Due to these facts, the effort should be done in order to save the heritage in Indonesia, and this can be achieved by maximizing the role of the community. The aim of this research is to describe the role of community participation in the religious heritage conservation management in Indonesia, and specifically looks at the case of Chinese temples and mosques in the urban coastal area of Java. The research is the result of extensive fieldwork that was carried out between 2009-2011 and both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed; survey questionnaires, observation and in-depth interviews. The final finding of the research is the model of the religious heritage management which is developed from the Chinese temples and mosques conservation strategy. The Focus Group Discussion was undertaken in the final step to get input from the stakeholders of the heritage conservation. This stage is needed to validate and verify the model before applying the model to other religious buildings. The findings of this research show the extent to which local communities are involved in temple and mosque activities and how their role is essential to the sustainability of their religious buildings. Because local community involvement still needs to be improved in Indonesia, this approach could be employed as an effective model for the conservation of other religious heritage buildings especially in Java, and hopefully later in the wider area of Indonesia.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The study sought to evaluate the challenges and opportunities for effective community participation in rural development projects in Zimbabwe through one case-study, and in turn to test the credibility of the popularized supposition that almost all contemporary development efforts characteristically embrace local participation. This matters as public participation is widely assumed to be an essential ingredient for the fruition of rural development efforts. The case examined was to achieve this aim. The research made use of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies in which various data gathering instruments were used. Among them were unstructured interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. The discussion and analysis of data was enabled by the use of People-Centered Development (PCD) as a conceptual framework. Among other findings, a key insight of the research was that the level of community participation in this case is not only minimal, but it is also top down. This has much to do with the negative perceptions by facilitating agents of local people as passive recipients of externally crafted models of development and other factors such as the power dynamics within and between the community and other stakeholders. The research also found out other obstacles that militate against effective participation such as preferential treatment of other tribal groups by the facilitating agent, intra group conflicts and bureaucratic and political influence. Based on these findings, and consistent with the wider literature, a key recommendation of the research is that the nature of community engagement should be based on the principle of equal partnership among all stakeholders as this would encourage full cooperation and thus effective participation.

A inclusão social, a mitigação das desigualdades e os altos rendimentos são aspectos desafiadores na educação de alunos menos favorecidos. Esse trabalho relata a adoção de uma proposta criada pela Universidade de Barcelona, as Comunidades de Aprendizagem, por uma escola destinada a alunos de uma comunidade popular de São Paulo que, em seus cursos regulares, recebe alunos com alto poder aquisitivo. Esse trabalho, busca evidenciar se uma das atividades sugeridas, os Grupos Interativos, conseguem incrementar a participação dos pais na escola, explicitar a eles as altas expectativas da escola em relação ao desempenho das crianças e adolescentes, bem como contribuir para que todos os atores escolares, e em particular os professores aprendam também mais sobre a comunidade que atendem. Além disso, procura evidenciar o clima educacional da escola, e como ele influencia no êxito do programa. / Social inclusion, mitigation of inequalities and high performances are challenging aspects in the education of less previleged students. This paper reports the adoption of a proposal created by the University of Barcelona, the Learning Communities, by a school for students of a popular community in São Paulo, that receives students with high purchasing power in its regular courses. This work, seeks to highlight if one of the suggested activities, Interactive Groups, is able to increase the participation of parents in school, to explain to them the high expectations of the school in relation to the performance of children and adolescents, as well as to contribute so that all the school actors, and in particular teachers will also learn more about the community they serve. In addition, it seeks to evidence the educational climate of the school, and how it influences the success of the program.