Industrins energianvändning medför koldioxidutsläpp som bidrar till klimatförändringar. Inom EU och Sverige eftersträvas en konkurrenskraftig industri. För att uppnå båda delarna förespråkas det att företag energieffektiviserar och minskar sin energianvändning. Trots att energieffektivisering ofta är kostnadseffektivt existerar det ändå ett energieffektiviseringsgap där kostnadseffektiva åtgärder inte implementeras av olika anledningar. Energinätverk kan då vara ett potentiellt arbetssätt som medför energieffektivisering och bidrar till företagsutveckling. I EU och Sverige ges redan finansiellt stöd som kan medföra att energinätverk bildas för såväl små och medelstora företag som för stora företag. Det existerar otaliga projektvarianter på energinätverk med olika uppbyggnad och utförande. Kunskapen om dessa nätverk inriktade mot energieffektivisering och energianvändning är begränsad. Arbetets syfte är därför att kartlägga svenska energinätverk för att kunna avgöra om de fungerar väl genom att utvärdera dem från ett samhällsperspektiv. För att identifiera energinätverk skedde insamling av dokument och intervjuer där slumpmässiga val tilläts i form av snöbollsmetoden. En bakomliggande förstudie har också genomförts där 8 energinätverk identifierats, vilka integrerats som en del i arbetets kartläggning. Sammantaget resulterade det i att identifiera 35 nätverksprojekt som kan bestå av enstaka nätverk, flera nätverk eller utgöra etapper för ett enskilt nätverk. De identifierade energinätverken är indelade efter större nätverk samt övriga nätverk som delats in i fyra generella nätverksformer: kluster, industridistrikt, regionala strategiska nätverk och strategiska nätverk samt alternativa nätverksformer för nätverk som inte kunde placeras in. En utvärdering har utförts med hjälp av programteori på det bakomliggande styrmedlet ”Ansökan om stöd till informations-, utbildnings- och samverkansprojekt 2013-2014” där det framkom att stödet tillåter en rad olika energinätverk och kan egentligen inte ses som särskilt styrande när det gäller utformning och genomförande av ett energinätverk. Vidare rekommenderas det att en separering görs för samverkansprojekt i form av energinätverk då det kan medföra mer riktade och konkreta energinätverk med tydligare mål och uppföljning. Detta tillåter fortfarande en variation på nätverkens uppbyggnad. Energinätverk med ett effektivt informations- och kunskapsutbyte har potentialen att medföra en innovativ företagsutveckling. Energinätverk utan en offentlig finansiering verkar inte initieras i Sverige. Avsiktsförklaringar eller avtal i de strategiska nätverken tros leda till att konkreta resultat har redovisats för nätverksprojekten i större grad än för de regionala strategiska nätverken. För de större energinätverken rekommenderas en fortsatt branschinriktning eftersom deras energianvändning är mer komplicerad att kartlägga. De övriga energinätverken bör istället prioritera intresserade deltagare som har möjlighet att träffas och sedan branschanpassa om möjligt. Detta då flera nätverksprojekt har vittnat om problem med nätverksbildandet som går ut över projektets genomförande. Vidare framstår skapandet av effektiva energinätverk som en mognadsprocess där flera bakomliggande projekt kan vara en anledning till ett kartlagt nätverksprojekt. Slutligen behövs det forskning på hur deltagande företag ser på energinätverk som ett stödjande och utvecklande styrmedel. / The industrial energy use causes carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. Simultaneously within EU and Sweden a competitive industry is pursued. In the aim to achieve both aspects energy efficiency and a reduced energy use is advocated for companies. Although energy efficiency often is cost-effective there exists an energy efficiency gap where cost-effective measures remain unimplemented for different reasons. Energy efficiency networks can in this case be a potential approach for increasing the degree of implementation, resulting in energy efficiency and company development. Financial support is already given from EU and Sweden that could lead to energy efficiency networks, for both small and medium-sized enterprises as well as for large enterprises. There exist numerous projects variations in energy efficiency networks with different structures and designs. The knowledge of these networks aimed towards energy efficiency and energy use is very limited. The aim of this work is therefore to identify Swedish energy efficiency networks in order to determine whether they work well by evaluating them from a public perspective. To identify energy efficiency networks documents where collected and interviews were held in which random selection was allowed in the form of snowball method. An underlying study has previously been carried out in which a number of networks was identified, which are integrated as a part of the work identification. Overall, this resulted in the identification of 35 different networks projects, which may consist of a single network, multiple networks or stages of a single network. The identified energy networks are divided by larger networks and other networks that have been split into four general networks forms cluster, industrial districts, regional strategic networks and strategic networks as well as alternative network forms for the networks that could not be associated. An evaluation has been performed on the underlying policy instrument “Application for financial support to information, education and collaborative projects 2013-2014” which stated that the support allows a wide range of energy efficiency networks and cannot be seen as a particular ruling in the design and implementation of an energy efficiency network. Furthermore it is recommended that a separation is made for collaborative projects in the form of energy efficiency networks in the support system since it would likely lead to more target and specific energy efficiency networks with clearer objectives and follow up. This would still allow a very large variety of network constructions. Energy efficiency networks with an efficient information and knowledge sharing has the potential to make enterprises more innovative. However, energy efficiency networks without an initial public financing does not seem to be initialized spontaneously in Sweden. Letters of intent or agreements in the strategic networks are believed to lead into reports with concrete results unlike for the regional strategic networks with no agreements. For the larger energy efficiency networks there is a point with being branch-specific because their energy use is more complex to audit. The other energy efficiency networks should instead find interested participants primarily. In combination with this, the participants should have the opportunity to meet and later on branch adapt if possible. This is because several network projects have stated problems with network formation that affects the projects. Furthermore, it appears that the creation of an efficient energy efficiency network sometimes is a maturation process in which several underlying projects can be a reason for an identified network project. Finally, we need further research on how the participating enterprises see energy efficiency networks as a supporting and developmental instrument.

The trend of outsourcing within the electronic industry has contributed to the creation of new types of extended enterprises. These extended enterprises must be able to manage a challenging situation with shorter product life cycles and increased collaboration between companies during the vital product introduction process. For the electronic industry, which is currently acting in an “era of hyper-competition”, it is a challenge to implement an efficient and flexible collaboration within an extended enterprise during the product introduction process. In the product introduction process, a product design is prepared for and transferred into production. During the course of this research, the electronic industry has changed continuously. Empirical data were first collected within an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) that was responsible for its own production. Based on a strategic decision at the OEM, a new extended enterprise was established. In general, these new extended enterprises within the electronic industry consist of: a “product owner” in the form of an OEM that owns the product design and its brand; a “producer” in the form of an Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) company that is responsible for the production; and suppliers of services, material, components, equipment etc. However, in the later stages of this research the studied EMS was responsible for the product introduction, production and distribution of the product to the end user. In order to compare and contrast trends and lessons learned in similar industries, case studies within the mechanical engineering and aerospace industries also were performed. The dissertation primarily describes the process of collaborative product introduction (PI) within the electronic industry, and presents among other things a number of general conditions for efficient collaborative PI within an EE in that industry. First, a clearly communicated definition of what is included in product introduction is needed. A second condition is that early participation from all involved partners in the EE’s product introduction process supports efficient collaboration. Third, clear communication and information handling within the extended enterprise – both internally and externally – was found to facilitate collaboration. Fourth, business approaches should be built on trust, reliability and respect for each other’s competence. Finally, the importance of cultural awareness, both between different companies and countries, cannot be ignored. This research also presents a framework for supporting collaborative product introduction within an extended enterprise, which serves to both synthesize and summarize much of the research. / On the day of the public defence the status of article VIII was Accepted and the title was "Coordination in Collaborative Manufacturing Mega-Networks: Observations from a Case in the Commercial Aerospace Industry".