Social tagging systems, known as ‘folksonomies’, represent an important part of web resource discovery as they enable free and unrestricted browsing through information space. Folksonomies consisting of subject designators (tags) assigned by users, however, have one important drawback: they do not express semantic relationships either hierarchical or associative between tags. As a consequence, the use of tags to browse information resources requires moving from one resource to another, based on coincidence and not on the pre-established meaningful or logical connections that may exist between related resources. We suggest that the semantic structure of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) may be used in complementing and supporting tag-based browsing. In this work, two specific questions were investigated: (1) Are terms used as tags in folksonomies included in the UDC? and (2) Which facets of UDC match the characteristics of documents or information objects that are tagged in folksonomies? A collection of the most popular tags from Amazon, LibraryThing, Delicious and 43Things was investigated. The universal nature of UDC was examined through the universality of topics and facets covering diverse human interests which are at the same time interconnected and form a rich and intricate semantic structure. The results suggest that UDC-supported folksonomies could be implemented in resource discovery, in particular in library portals and catalogues.

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As ecosystem modeling becomes increasingly integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) there is a rise in demand for spatially and temporally continuous meteorological data. But in order to justify management decisions or to provide robust scientific insights, the accuracy of meteorological data used as model input must be thoroughly quantified. Current methods to create spatially continuous climate data from discrete weather station data include inverse distance weighting, geostatistical techniques such as kriging and splines, local regression models such as Parameter-Elevation Regression on Independent Slope Model (PRISM) and Daymet, and regional regression models. For the conterminous United States, PRISM and Daymet are perhaps the most commonly used interpolated datasets. Both use similar inputs but apply different interpolation methods. To date, no comprehensive comparison of their respective accuracies exists. Here I show that for a wide range of conditions, PRISM is the preferred interpolation. I reached this conclusion by comparing the accuracy of predictions of annual and monthly minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) by PRISM and Daymet for the conterminous United States from 1980-2003. My goals were: (1) to determine which interpolation was more robust at predicting temperature values; and (2) to assess whether the performance of each method varies, either temporally (annual or seasonal), spatially, or by elevation. To evaluate comparative performance, I analyzed PRISM and Daymet temperature predictions of ground station temperatures by calculating the logs odds ratio (LOR), mean absolute error (MAE), and bias. In all the comparative performance analyses, PRISM was the better model. The monthly results followed the same trend as the annual average results. I found a spatial performance difference across the entirety of the conterminous United States with the largest difference on the coasts and in the mountainous western regions. Stratifying data by elevation demonstrated that as elevation increases, uncertainty from both PRISM and Daymet increased. Unless the daily resolution provided by Daymet is required, PRISM appears to be a more robust predictor of continuous temperature data over the conterminous United States from 1980-2003.

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<p>The aim of this study was to investigate if there exists a prototypical example of the notion <em>game</em> in two cultures, Sweden and Minnesota, USA, and in that case, if it is the same or if possible similarities are greater within generations, regardless of nationality.</p><p>A questionnaire asking informants to name, in their eyes, typical games was sent to 48 Americans and 53 Swedes. The informants from each country were divided into age groups. The answers were analyzed and compared in different ways. Five out of six groups showed a great similarity in mentioning the game <em>Monopoly</em> as a typical game. Differences were also found. For example, sports were brought up to a higher degree in Minnesota than in Sweden, and the young groups differed from the other groups in the way that many respondents mentioned <em>Computer games </em>and <em>Video games.</em></p>

Four speech production experiments were conducted to examine how adults produce preverbal messages involving comparisons. It was argued that the generation of any message involving a comparison involves three decisions. First, a dimension for the comparison must be selected. Second, a contrasting object for this dimension must be selected. Third, a referent must be selected for the contrasting object. Participants were shown three objects on a computer screen and were asked to compare two objects along the dimensions of size (Experiments 1 and 2) or hue (Experiments 3 and 4). For example, a participant might be asked to compare the size of a medium-sized snake to either a small fish or a large bird. With each comparison, participants produced a noun (fish, bird) and an adjective (bigger, smaller) that could be repeated or switched from one trial to another. Experiment 1 showed a large tendency to repeat nouns, suggesting that speakers were repeating referents. Experiment 2, however, showed a large tendency to repeat comparisons to objects of the same size, suggesting that speakers were repeating contrasting objects not referents. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that the repetition effect disappeared after one filler trial. This suggested that decisions were made in short-term working memory. It was concluded that these three decisions are both necessary and sufficient for the generation of a preverbal message involving any comparison.

<p>The background to this paper is the events that have taken place in the Swedish area of responsibility in Afghanistan where Swedish troops have been ambushed by the insurgents. Although the troops primarily where riding in Toyota Land Cruisers they had no casualties. I think that the Swedish force needs other vehicles that can be armed and are armoured.</p><p>When I compared three different types of armoured vehicles, I found that PTGB 6 is the vehicle of choice, according to the special needs that a Swedish EOD-squad, their task and their equipment have. </p>

The background to this paper is the events that have taken place in the Swedish area of responsibility in Afghanistan where Swedish troops have been ambushed by the insurgents. Although the troops primarily where riding in Toyota Land Cruisers they had no casualties. I think that the Swedish force needs other vehicles that can be armed and are armoured. When I compared three different types of armoured vehicles, I found that PTGB 6 is the vehicle of choice, according to the special needs that a Swedish EOD-squad, their task and their equipment have.

Background: Several treatment protocols exist for the management of patients with complete unilateral (CUCLP) and bilateral (CBCLP) cleft lip and palate, and little evidence exists on comparison of their outcomes. Objectives: To compare craniofacial morphology among individuals with CUCLP and CBCLP treated at different North American centers. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 148 individuals with repaired CUCLP (average age = 8y 8m) and 93 individuals with repaired CBCLP (average age = 8y 10m) were analyzed. The group means for the different centers per cephalometric measurement evaluated (16 angular, 7 linear, and 2 ratio), were compared using ANOVA. Results: For both the CUCLP and CBCLP samples, the most significant differences were observed in the sagittal maxillary prominence. The center that performed primary alveolar bone grafting consistently showed the lowest maxillary prominence. Conclusions: Significant differences in craniofacial morphology, specifically maxillary prominence, exist among patients with CUCLP and CBCLP treated at different North American centers.

Background: Several treatment protocols exist for the management of patients with complete unilateral (CUCLP) and bilateral (CBCLP) cleft lip and palate, and little evidence exists on comparison of their outcomes. Objectives: To compare craniofacial morphology among individuals with CUCLP and CBCLP treated at different North American centers. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 148 individuals with repaired CUCLP (average age = 8y 8m) and 93 individuals with repaired CBCLP (average age = 8y 10m) were analyzed. The group means for the different centers per cephalometric measurement evaluated (16 angular, 7 linear, and 2 ratio), were compared using ANOVA. Results: For both the CUCLP and CBCLP samples, the most significant differences were observed in the sagittal maxillary prominence. The center that performed primary alveolar bone grafting consistently showed the lowest maxillary prominence. Conclusions: Significant differences in craniofacial morphology, specifically maxillary prominence, exist among patients with CUCLP and CBCLP treated at different North American centers.