The aim of this work is to quantify the value for the customer in marketing, innovation and universal concepts for specific products. Investigational products are portable computers or laptops. Data for the work I get through questionnaires. Group of respondents are students of the 5th years, the representation of sex is the equivalent. Quantified value for the customer will be confronted with the commercial success of specific products. The aim of this work is to refute or confirm the hypothesis that the value for the customer can be considered as an indicator of commercial success.

This dissertation investigates the latent but critical effects of risk attitude on competitive success in construction applying an evolutionary approach. The approach considers contractors as individual entities competing with each other for common job opportunities, and competition as an evolutionary process in the market. In construction, competitive bidding is the major mechanism of competition. Bidding itself is an important managerial function in a construction organization while it is risky since the actual cost of a job is unknown. Therefore, contractors' risk-taking in competition is an essential element in the construction business. Individuals may behave differently in competition depending on their own risk attitude which defines what risks can be accepted or not in an organization. Depending on the differences in risk-taking, the result of a competition varies. How contractors compete, that is, how they take risks in competition affects the competition among themselves. Also, contractors' performance is differentiated through competition to decide successful firms and unsuccessful firms. The current study investigates the effects of risk attitude, which is the latent basis for contractors' different behaviors in competition. The current investigation is unique in that it combines: 1) an evolutionary approach; 2) behavioral decision-making under uncertainty; 3) multi-level analyses from the individual to the aggregate; and 4) a long-term perspective on firms' success and life-cycles (birth, death, survival, growth, contraction, and market diversification). The developed evolutionary model simulates and analyzes competition among contractors in the competitive bidding environment. A new method is proposed to represent contractors' different risk-taking behaviors depending on their own risk attitude. The analysis accounts for contractors' differences in risk-taking, their performances through competition, and corresponding organizational changes in life-cycles at the individual level, and aggregate patterns evolving at the population level as resultants of competition over long time periods. The study finds that risk attitude is a latent but dominant competitive characteristic of contractors by identifying the critical effects of risk attitude on competitive success. The results provide new insights on competition and recommendations for contractors' competitive success, which are not available using conventional approaches.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a growth strategy implemented by the South African government to address one of the country’s largest challenges, inequality. However, the failure rate of BEE ventures in the wine industry, and the agricultural sector in general, has been very high. The South African wine industry dates back to the early 1800s, and provides an interesting context to study four cases of relatively new business ventures established since the 1990s. There is limited research that explicitly examines the relationship between the changes after liberalisation and the forms of black entry into the South African wine industry. The purpose of this research is, firstly, to investigate the business models used by selected BEE ventures, in order to identify how they contribute to business success. The Osterwalder business model is utilised as a framework to investigate the business models of four BEE business ventures, namely Solms-Delta, Thokozani, M’Hudi and Seven Sisters. Secondly, the paper seeks to establish how ownership structure influences success. To explore this influence, two cases studied are 100% black owned and two cases are joint ventures between black and white owners directly involved in the business. The present study indicates that BEE ventures in the South African wine industry face many challenges but are not necessarily unsuccessful. Findings of the present study are limited to the research sample only. Other empowerment transactions could be used for future investigation.