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Strains of Escherichia coli may exist as a beneficial human commensal or a pathogen capable of causing morbidity and mortality. Of the E. coli which causes human disease, many strains which cause bacteremia have been identified as possessing virulence factors which make them more resistant to the complement system. The bacterial amyloid fibril, curli, functions in bacterial adherence and the formation of biofilm. Curli-producing parental and curli-deficient mutant E. coli was compared in its survival to human complement, using in vitro serum sensitivity assays. Results showed an increase in the survival of curli-producing E. coli, which suggested that curli defends against complement killing. An in vivo murine model of E. coli-induced sepsis demonstrated that curli-producing bacteria also survived significantly better in the blood of mice. Immunostaining and flow cytometry was done to determine if parental and mutant strains of E. coli differentially bind to complement components C1q and C3. Results demonstrated that curli increases binding of C1q, but does not affect C3 binding. Blocking the classical pathway suggested that, in these assays, the classical pathway was the major contributor to complement activation and curli inhibits its activity. In addition, blocking the alternative pathway supported that the classical pathway was the main mechanism for complement activation and suggested that curli is not involved in protecting E. coli against alternative pathway activation. Results of this study conclude that curli defends E. coli against complement killing via inhibition of the classical complement pathway. / Microbiology and Immunology

Accelerating the convergence rate of Krylov subspace methods with parallelizable preconditioners is essential for obtaining effective iterative solvers for very large linear systems of equations. Substructuring provides a framework for constructing robust and parallel preconditioners for linear systems arising from the discretization of boundary value problems. Although collocation is a very general and effective discretization technique for many PDE problems, there has been relatively little work on preconditioners for collocation problems. This thesis proposes two preconditioning methods for solving linear systems of equations arising from Hermite bicubic collocation discretization of elliptic partial differential equations on square domains with mixed boundary conditions. The first method, called <i>edge preconditioning</i>, is based on a decomposition of the domain in parallel strips, and the second, called <i>edge-vertex preconditioning</i>, is based on a two-dimensional decomposition. The preconditioners are derived in terms of two special rectangular grids -- a coarse grid with diameter <i>H</i> and a hybrid coarse/fine grid -- which together with the fine grid of diameter <i>h</i> provide the framework for approximating the interface problem induced by substructuring. We show that the proposed methods are effective for nonsymmetric indefinite problems, both from the point of view of the cost per iteration and of the number of iterations. For an appropriate choice of <i>H</i>, the edge preconditioner requires <i>O(N)</i> arithmetic operations per iteration, while the edge-vertex preconditioner requires <i>O(N^4/3)</i> operations, where <i>N</i> is the number of unknowns. For the edge-vertex preconditioner, the number of iterations is almost constant when <i>h</i> and <i>H</i> decrease such that <i>H/h</i> is held constant and it increases very slowly with <i>H</i> when <i>h</i> is held constant. For both the edge- and edge-vertex preconditioners the number of iterations depends only weakly on <i>h</i> when <i>H</i> is constant. The edge-vertex preconditioner outperforms the edge-preconditioner for small enough <i>H</i>. Numerical experiments illustrate the parallel efficiency of the preconditioners which is similar or even better than that provided by the well-known PETSc parallel software library for scientific computing. / Ph. D.

<p>Age-related macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of vision loss in the world. While identification of various environmental risk factors including but not limited to smoking, ethnicity, and diet have been reported to contribute to the complex etiology of AMD, age and genetics remain the largest susceptibility factors in its pathogenesis. Initially, with the identification of the common Y402H variant in CFH, approximately 35% of the genetic determinants of AMD had been identified with the majority remaining unknown. Therefore, we set forth to A) identify additional AMD susceptibility genes that contribute to AMD through the use to next generation sequencing technologies and B) to assess associated alleles for pathogenicity in the attempt to interpret their functional contributions to AMD outcome as observed via patient serum and zebrafish analysis. In doing such, we have identified both common and rare variants that contribute to the heritability of AMD. Additionally, we report one of the first instances of a rare variant significantly increasing disease onset and a gene with increased rare mutational burden in AMD patients. All together adding to our understanding of the genetics of AMD and potentially leading to putative therapeutic targets.</p> / Dissertation

A Leptospira é o agente etiológico da leptospirose, uma das mais importantes zoonoses, considerada um grande problema de saúde pública mundial. São observados aproximadamente um milhão de casos mundialmente a cada ano, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento com clima ameno ou tropical, sendo 5% a 10% fatais. As leptospiras são bactérias espiroquetas de vida extracelular, com capacidade de multiplicar-se e disseminar-se em vários tecidos. A presença desse microrganismo no hospedeiro ativa os mecanismos de defesa tanto da resposta imune inata quanto da resposta adaptativa, entre eles: a ativação do Sistema Complemento, a fagocitose e a produção de anticorpos específicos. Dados da literatura demonstraram que algumas espécies patogênicas são resistentes à ação do Sistema Complemento, enquanto que as espécies não patogênicas são sensíveis, uma vez que são rapidamente eliminadas na presença de soro humano normal (SHN). Neste estudo, expandimos o número de espécies de leptospiras estudadas, sendo: sete estirpes patogênicas e duas não patogênicas, com a finalidade de aprofundar o nosso conhecimento sobre a susceptibilidade e resistência dos diferentes sorovares à ativação de Sistema Complemento. Nos ensaios de sobrevivência, os sorovares das espécies patogênicas mostraram-se resistentes em todas as condições avaliadas.Os dois sorovares daespécie não patogênica (L. biflexa sorovar Andamana e sorovar Patoc) mostraram-se susceptíveis à ação do Sistema Complemento em presença do SHN, como esperado.Quando incubadas com SHN+EDTA 10 mM porcentagem de sobrevida foi semelhanteao SHNi e ao SHN+EGTA 10 mM em menor medida.Ensaios de sobrevivência com soros depletados de C1q, de FD, e soro deficiente de MBLsugerem que a Via Clássica, com menor contribuição e, principalmente, a Via das Lectinas foram importantes para eliminar os sorovares não patogênicos. A interação das proteínas C3, C5, C6, C7, C8 e C9 com a superfície das espécies patogênicas e não patogênicas foi avaliada por Western Blot e ELISA. Diante dos resultados obtidos, não observamos diferenças significativas na deposição de C3 entre as espécies aqui estudadas.Foi observado maior deposição das proteínas C5, C8 e C9 na bactéria não patogênica sorovar Andamana quando comparada a alguns sorovares patogênicos.Em relação às proteínas C6 e C7, houve uma maior deposição em ambas as estirpes sensíveis ao soro, sorovar Andamana e sorovar Patoc, quando comparadas com as sete estirpes patogênicas estudadas. Os sorovares não patogênicos, apesar de pertencer à mesma espécie (L. biflexa), tiveram uma interação diferenciada com os componentes do Complemento, observando uma maior deposição no sorovar Andamana, em relação ao sorovar Patoc. Nosso trabalho sugere que a Via das Lectinas é a melhor via de ativação para eliminar as leptospiras não patogênicas, a Via Clássica contribui minimamente, e por fim, a Via Alternativa não possui relevância na morte das mesmas. As leptospiras patogênicas não são afetadas pelo Sistema Complemento. / Leptospira is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, one of the most important zoonoses and a major public health problem worldwide. There are one million cases worldwide observed each year, especially in developing countries with mild or tropical climate, being 5% to 10% fatal. Leptospires are spirochetes of extracellular life, with the ability to multiply and spread in various tissues. The presence of this microorganism can activate host defense mechanisms of both the innate immune response and the adaptive response, among them: activation of the Complement System, phagocytosis and production of specific antibodies. Literature data show that there are pathogenic species that are resistant to the action of the Complement System, whereas species that are non - pathogenic are sensitive, since they are rapidly eliminated in the presence of normal human serum (NHS). In this study, we expanded the number of leptospira species studied: seven pathogenic strains and two non-pathogenic strains, in order to deepen our knowledge about the susceptibility and resistance of different serovars to Complement System activation. The serovars of the pathogenic species proved to be resistant in all conditions evaluated. The two non-pathogenic serovars (L. biflexa serovar Andamana and serovar Patoc) were susceptible to the action of the Complement System in the presence of NHS as expected. When incubated with 10 mM NHS+EDTA, the survival percentage was similar to the incubation with iNHS and, to a lesser extent, to 10 mM NHS+EGTA. Survival tests with serum depleted from C1q, FD and MBL deficient serum suggest that the Classical Pathway, with a lower contribution, and the Lectin Pathway were important to eliminate the nonpathogenic serovars. Western Blot and ELISA evaluated interactions between the C3, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 proteins and the surface of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. In view of the results obtained, we didnt observed anything significant in the deposition of C3 among the species studied here. A higher deposition of C5, C8 and C9 proteins was observed in the nonpathogenic bacterium Andamana when compared to some pathogenic serovars. Regarding the C6 and C7 proteins, a greater deposition in both serum-sensitive strains, serovar Andamana and serovar Patoc, when compared to the seven pathogenic strains studied. Non-pathogenic serovars, although belonging to the same species (L. biflexa), had different interactions with the components of the Complement, observing a greater deposition in the Andamana serovar, in relation to the serovar Patoc. Our work suggests that the Lectin Pathway is the best route of activation to eliminate nonpathogenic leptospires. Classical Pathway contributes minimally and, finally, the Alternative Pathway has no relevance in the death of these pathogens. Pathogenic leptospires are not affected by the Complement System.

Approximately two billion people are infected with helminths worldwide. In order to develop a vaccine against these pathogens, more needs to be known about the immune response to helminths. Eosinophils are important for resistance to some helminth species and their recruitment to infected tissues, attachment to parasites and degranulation may all be critical processes for immunity. Complement may contribute to these processes via generation of chemotactic factors (C3a and C5a) or opsonisation of the parasite with C3b/iC3b. The importance of complement during helminth infection is unclear, though complement does promote leukocyte-mediated killing of several helminth species in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of complement in immunity of mice to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, with a focus on whether complement facilitates eosinophildependent resistance to this parasite. A new fluorescence-based method for quantifying in vitro complement deposition and leukocyte adherence on N. brasiliensis was developed. C3 from human serum was deposited on infective-stage L3 via the classical or lectin complement pathways. In contrast, the alternative complement pathway mediated binding of mouse C3 and eosinophil-rich mouse peritoneal leukocytes to L3. Interestingly, the ability of complement and leukocytes to bind to the parasite changed as it matured. Larvae recovered from the skin 30 min post-injection (p.i.) were coated with C3, however those harvested 150 min p.i. exhibited reduced C3 binding capacity. Binding of C3 and eosinophils to larvae recovered from the lungs 24-48 h p.i. (L4) was also diminished compared to that seen on L3. Adult intestinal worms bound C3 and leukocytes only when treated ex vivo with serum and cells. Mice lacking in classical (C1q-deficient), alternative (factor B-deficient) or all complement pathways (C3-deficient) were then employed to determine if complement was important for resistance of mice to N. brasiliensis. IL-5 Tg mice deficient in individual complement genes were generated to assess whether complement contributed to eosinophildependent resistance to the parasite. Factor B deficient mice exhibited impaired C3 deposition on larvae, eosinophil recruitment, eosinophil degranulation and larval aggregation in the skin 30 min p.i. Eosinophil recruitment was similarly abolished by treatment of mice with the C5aR inhibitor PMX53. However at 150 min p.i., larval aggregation, eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment, leukocyte adherence and eosinophil degranulation were largely complement-independent. Ablation of factor B or C3 caused minor but significant increases in lung-larval burden during primary, but not in secondary, infections. Critically, a lack of C3 or factor B in IL-5 Tg mice failed to greatly impair the strong innate anti-parasite resistance typical of these animals, suggesting that eosinophils can provide immunity to N. brasiliensis infection in the absence of complement. This was unexpected, given the evidence from this and previous studies which suggested that in vitro, complement is important for promoting eosinophil-dependent killing of N. brasiliensis and other helminth species. The mechanism(s) by which eosinophils kill N. brasiliensis remain unknown, but may involve the coordination of the complement system with complement-independent factors that act in the early stages of infection. Critically, the influence of complement is limited, because soon after entry into the host, the parasite develops the ability to resist complement activation. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1311182 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

Akademisk avhandling--Lund. / Extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Errata slip inserted. Bibliography: p. [117]-125.

The complement system plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. Central to all complement activities is the function of complement component 3 (C3). C3 contains a C-terminal extension of ~150 residues known as the NTR (or C345C) domain. To address the role of the NTR domain in binding and functional activities of C3, a C3/C5 chimera was engineered, in which the NTR domain of C3 was replaced by the homologous domain of the closely related protein C5. Functionally, the C3(C5NTR) was devoid of classical pathway-dependent hemolytic activity and deficient in factor H- and CR1-dependent factor I cleavability. Direct binding SPR assays, using chip bound methylamine treated His6-tagged C3(C5NTR), showed a complete loss of C5 binding while retaining wild type binding with CR1, factor H and factor B. These results present the first evidence for a major C5 binding site within C3 NTR.

The complement system plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. Central to all complement activities is the function of complement component 3 (C3). C3 contains a C-terminal extension of ~150 residues known as the NTR (or C345C) domain. To address the role of the NTR domain in binding and functional activities of C3, a C3/C5 chimera was engineered, in which the NTR domain of C3 was replaced by the homologous domain of the closely related protein C5. Functionally, the C3(C5NTR) was devoid of classical pathway-dependent hemolytic activity and deficient in factor H- and CR1-dependent factor I cleavability. Direct binding SPR assays, using chip bound methylamine treated His6-tagged C3(C5NTR), showed a complete loss of C5 binding while retaining wild type binding with CR1, factor H and factor B. These results present the first evidence for a major C5 binding site within C3 NTR.

An intact complement system including the complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2) is crucial for the generation of a normal antibody response in animals and humans. Moreover, activation of the classical pathway is thought to be important since deficiency in complement components C1q, C2, C4 or C3 lead to impaired antibody responses. The classical pathway is mainly initiated by antibodies bound to their antigen. It is unclear how classical pathway activation can be crucial for primary antibody responses since the levels of specific antibodies are very low in naïve animals. It has been hypothesized that natural IgM, with high enough affinity, can initiate the classical pathway after immunization. To test this, we generated the knock-in mouse strain Cμ13, producing IgM unable to activate complement. Surprisingly, the antibody response against SRBC and KLH in Cµ13 mice was normal. Thus, the importance of classical pathway activation and natural IgM in antibody responses is not dependent on the ability of IgM to activate complement. SIGN-R1, SAP and CRP are other known activators of the classical pathway, but mice lacking these also had normal antibody responses. Complement activation leads to the generation of C3 split products which are ligands for CR1/2. In mice, CR1/2 are expressed on B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDC), but it is unclear on which cell-type expression of CR1/2 is needed for the generation of a normal antibody response. Some reports argue that increased antigen retention by CR1/2+ FDC would increase the effective antigen concentration, giving more effective B-cell stimulation. In contrast, several mechanisms involving CR1/2 on B cells are suggested. First, marginal zone B cells could transport complement-coated antigen or IC via CR1/2 into the follicle. Second, different ways of co-crosslinking the B-cell receptor with CR1/2, lowering the threshold for B-cell activation, have been proposed. Finally, CR1/2 on B cells are shown in vitro to facilitate endocytosis and thereby presentation of antigen to T cells. We show that abrogated antibody responses in mice lacking CR1/2 are not due to lack of CR1/2-mediated antigen presentation to T cells. Chimeric mice with CR1/2 expression on both B cells and FDC, on neither B cells nor FDC, or on either B cells or FDC, were generated. The antibody response against SRBC was completely dependent of CR1/2-expression on FDC. However, when this requirement was fulfilled, B cells without expression of CR1/2 were equally efficient antibody producers as wildtype B cells. Antigen-specific IgM together with its antigen can enhance the antibody response to that antigen and CR1/2-expression is crucial for the enhancement. We show that the response to IgM in complex with SRBC is dependent on CR1/2 expression on both B cells and FDC.