Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1944924 bytes, checksum: e08f0978e6406af124c9fe4875d2aa1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis we discuss some fundamental aspects of the quantum theory from a contemporaneous point of view, where we could develop three works. In the first we analyze theoretically an atomic double-slit interferometer. It has been shown that if the energy eigenstates of the atom are correlated with its particle and wave behaviors, complementary phenomena can be measured simultaneously, indicating a reinterpretation of the complementarity principle. We also demonstrate that this experiment possesses quantum erasure properties. In the second we present a two-particle interferometer in order to analyze the way in which decoherence affects quantum interference. It has been shown how the environmental constituents, here considered as photons, can destroy the oscillations in the coincidence detection rate of the particles. Due to the temporal characteristic of this kind of interference, we name this process as quantum temporal decoherence. In the last work we study the existence of a novel complete family of exact and orthogonal solutions of the paraxial wave equation. The complex amplitude of these beams is proportional to the confluent hypergeometric functions, which we name hypergeometric modes of type-II (HyG-II). It is formally demonstrated that a hyperbolic-index medium can generate and support the propagation of such a class of beams. Since these modes are eigenfunctions of the photon orbital angular momentum, we conclude that an optical fiber with hyperbolic-index profile could take advantage over other graded-index fibers by the capacity of data transmission. / Nesta tese discutimos alguns aspectos fundamentais da teoria quântica de um ponto de vista mais contemporâneo, onde também pudemos desenvolver três trabalhos. No primeiro analisamos teoricamente um interferômetro de fenda dupla para átomos. Mostramos que se os autoestados de energia do átomo estão correlacionados com os comportamentos de partícula e de onda do mesmo, fenômenos complementares podem ser medidos simultaneamente, indicando uma reinterpretação do princípio da complementaridade. O mesmo aparato também apresentou propriedades de apagador quântico. No segundo apresentamos um interferômetro de duas partículas e a maneira como a decoerência afeta o grau de interferência. Mostramos como os constituintes do ambiente, aqui considerados como fótons, podem destruir a oscilação na taxa de coincidência de detecção das partículas. Devido a sua característica temporal, chamamos este processo de decoerência temporal quântica. No último trabalho estudamos a existência de uma nova família de soluções ortogonais da equação paraxial da luz. A amplitude complexa desses feixes são proporcionais às funções hipergeométricas confluentes, que denominamos modos hipergeométricos do segundo tipo (HyG-II). Demonstramos formalmente que um meio com um perfil hiperbólico de índice de refração pode gerar e suportar essa classe de feixes. Uma vez que esses modos são autofunções do momento angular orbital do fóton, concluímos que uma fibra ótica com este perfil de índice, em certas situações, poderia levar vantagem em relação a outras fibras com índice variável na capacidade de transmissão de dados.

The present study describes the nature, scope and application of universal jurisdiction as an important tool against impunity in international criminal law, in a straight forward manner, where inquiry into the recent developments of universal jurisdiction is undertaken. Forthwith, the formation of the principle of universal jurisdiction - especially its practical application - must be guided by international consensus, not through advocacy action of states with short term and narrow objectives. The thesis seeks to identify and observe how far the law of universal jurisdiction has actually evolved and how far we should expect it to evolve in the near future, considering its restrains and challenges. It is argued that the concept of state sovereignty, which constitutes the greatest impediment on the exercise of universal jurisdiction, has seen various changes to its fundamentals elements in the 21st Century. The aim is to look at the universality principle, not as an isolated part, but as part of a broader framework in modern international law and thus special attention is given to the relationship between universal jurisdiction and the principle of aut dedere aut judicare. These principles are interrelated, yet distinct, parallels in deterring commission of the most heinous offences of international...

This diploma thesis on the application of logical, empirical and statistical methods defined the role of the complementarity principle in the preparation of experts in the field of the protection of population in the framework of a quantitative research. The complementarity principle is characterized in the thesis in general (working with two expressions, both of them are necessary to explain the nature of the problem but cannot be used simultaneously, e.g. expressions "analysis" and "synthesis"). The diploma thesis then defined the physical aspect of the complementarity principle the wave-corpuscular dualism, the position and the momentum, the energy and the time. The comparison of the basics of the protection of population with the structure of the physical aspect of the complementarity principle followed. The performed comparison was adjusted to the needs and possibilities of future experts in the field of the protection of population on the basis of the theory of the curriculum process. The steps are clear from the set of objectives which were fulfilled gradually in the thesis: 1) To systematically describe the general form of the complementarity principle and its physical application from the point of view of the theory of the curriculum process. 2) To create a structure of the system of emergencies from the point of view of a scientific field of the protection of population and to focus on its educational aspect for the preparation of experts. 3) To perform the comparison of the physical aspect and emergencies with the general form of the complementarity principle. To transfer the findings, a theory of curriculum process was used. The link between a more generally approached complementarity principle and the protection of population was explained in the framework of a conceptual curriculum. The theory connecting these two different fields is the more generally approached complementarity principle and especially Bohr's complementarity principle linking not only the wave-corpuscular dualism but also Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The physical aspect of emergencies was adjusted to the possibilities and needs of students (the intended curriculum) and written down in an educational text which was provided to students (the project curriculum). The practicality of the educational test was verified by an educational test the results of which were statistically processed (implemented curriculum). The statistical analysis of the test results confirmed the second hypothesis of this work. "The knowledge of future experts in the field of the protection of population will have, from the point of view of the role of the complementarity principle in their preparation, a theoretical division which will be close to the normal division." By confirming this hypothesis, the correctness and applicability of the curriculum process were confirmed as it was assumed by the first hypothesis: "Using the stages of a curriculum process, an educational basis of the role of the complementarity principle can be created within a quantitative research." The contributions of this work can be summarized by following points: 1) The use of an educational text in the preparation of experts in the field of the protection of population (a practical contribution of this diploma thesis). 2) The improvement of the applicability of the theory of the curriculum process in the field of the protection of population which has not been researched so far (the improvement of the theory of the curriculum process). 3) The definition of the link of the physical aspect of the complementarity principle to the general form of this principle (the theoretical contribution of this diploma thesis).