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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Complementary sex determination in a solitary bee : Mapping candidate sex determination loci and associated genes

Magnusson, Sara January 2022 (has links)
The molecular mechanism of complementary sex determination in the haplodiploid organisms is poorly understood and has only been described in the honeybee Apis mellifera. In the haplodiploid system, males develop from unfertilized eggs and females from fertilized eggs. However, in some rare cases, diploid males develop from fertilized eggs. They can be distinguished from diploid and haploid males at the molecular level since they are heterozygous like females but are homozygous, like haploid males, at the sex determination locus. In this project, Osmia bicornis was chosen as the model organism, and the aim is to identify the complementary sex determination locus which should be homozygous in all diploid males. Bee nests were collected from the bees' natural habitat, and potential diploid males were identified. Data analysis of whole-genome sequencing on 17 potential diploid males was performed, which identified 80 candidate sex determination loci with 259 genes. Homologs of the Csd gene in A. mellifera were identified but not found in any candidate complementary sex determination loci.
2

Interaction entre démographie et génétique dans les petites populations : études sur un Hyménoptère parasitoïde avec incompatibilités génétiques / Genetic-demography interactions in small populations : studies on a Hymenoptera with genetic incompatibilities

Vayssade, Chloé 13 February 2014 (has links)
L’interaction de processus génétiques et démographiques peut générer des vortex d’extinction. Chez les Hyménoptères, les mâles sont haploïdes et les femelles diploïdes. Chez les espèces avec sl-CSD (single-locus complementary sex determination), les haploïdes, se développent en mâles et les diploïdes hétérozygotes au gène du CSD, en femelles. Les diploïdes homozygotes sont des mâles non viables ou stériles. Des études théoriques suggèrent que la production de mâles diploïdes peut entraîner les petites populations d’Hyménoptères dans un vortex d’extinction. Le premier objectif est d’encourager le dialogue entre génétique et démographie en proposant une définition des effets Allee élémentaires générés par des processus génétiques, dont nous avons identifié des exemples dans la littérature. Le deuxième objectif est de rechercher l’existence d’un effet Allee génétique dans des populations de Venturia canescens, un Hyménoptère parasitoïde avec sl-CSD. Des marqueurs microsatellites ont été élaborés et utilisés pour montrer une relation négative entre diversité génétique et proportion de mâles diploïdes dans des populations isolées ou goulotées. Les mâles diploïdes s’accouplent mais sont stériles. La dépression de consanguinité affectant les femelles est faible. Nous avons créé et suivi des populations expérimentales de V. canescens avec différents niveaux de diversité génétique. Un effet Allee génétique dû à la production de mâles diploïdes a été détecté mais il n’influençait ni le taux d’accroissement ni la probabilité d’extinction des populations. Les extinctions observées semblent surtout due à la stochasticité démographique. / Genetic and demographic processes can drive small populations to extinction. Their interaction can generate extinction vortices. In Hymenoptera, males are haploid and females are diploid. In species with single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), hemizygous at the CSD gene develop in males and heterozygous diploids, in females. Homozygous develop in diploids males, often unviable or sterile. Theoretical studies suggest that the production of diploid males associated with demographic and environmental stochasticity may drive small populations into an extinction vortex.The first objective is to stimulate collaboration between genetics and demography by proposing a definition for component Allee effects generated by genetic processes. Component and demographic genetic Allee effects were detected in the literature.The second objective was to investigate the presence of a genetic, and maybe demographic, Allee effect in populations of the parasitoid Venturia canescens, a Hymenoptera with sl-CSD. Microsatellite markers were developed and used to show a negative relationship between genetic diversity and proportion of diploid males in isolated and bottlenecked populations. Diploid males can mate but they are sterile. Inbreeding depression affecting females is negligible. We created and monitored experimental populations of V. canescens with different levels of genetic diversity. A genetic Allee effect due to the production of diploid males was detected but it did not influence the growth rate or the probability of extinction of populations. Extinction events observed thus seem mainly due to demographic stochasticity.

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