Trois expériences ont été menées dans le but de déterminer quels codes sous-tendant la représentation de l’organisation spatiale des composantes des formes complexes contribuent aux discriminations d’objets complexes. Les trois expériences ont utilisé une tâche d’appariement simultané d’objets complexes. Aux essais négatifs, les objets pouvaient avoir des différences catégorielles de configuration, des différences métriques de configuration, des différences métriques de configuration et du rôle des parties ou des différences du rôle des parties seulement. La distance angulaire 2D ou 3D entre les stimuli pouvait varier. À l’expérience 1, les stimuli étaient présentés avec stéréoscopie et avaient une surface avec un gradient de texture de haut contraste. L’expérience 2 constitue une réplication de l’expérience 1 hormis pour l’utilisation de stimuli dont le contraste était réduit. Le but de cette manipulation était de vérifier si les résultats de l’expérience 1 sont répliqués avec une tâche dont le niveau de difficulté est plus élevé. Les stimuli de la troisième expérience avaient une surface gris mat et étaient présentés sans stéréoscopie. Les trois expériences ont montré que des codes catégoriel et pertinent aux rôles des parties contribuent à la discrimination d’objets complexes. Toutefois, ces codes sont dépendants aux orientations 2D et 3D, et ce, peu importe la richesse de l’information de profondeur présente dans les stimuli. De plus, nos résultats démontrent une plus grande sensibilité aux différences catégorielles de configuration qu’aux différences métriques. Enfin, un code métrique contribue également aux discriminations. Toutefois, la contribution de ce code disparaît lorsque la quantité d’information de profondeur est réduite. / Tree experiments were conducted to determine which codes underlie the representation of the spatial organisation of the components of complex shapes. The tree experiments used a simultaneous matching task of complex objects. For the negative trials, the objects could have categorical differences of configuration, metric differences of configuration, metric difference along with differences in the role of parts, and differences in the role of parts only. The 2D or 3D angular distance between the stimuli could vary. In experiment 1, the stimuli were presented with stereopsis and had a surface with high contrast texture. Experiment 2 replicates the condition of experiment 1, except that the contrast of the stimuli was reduced. The goal of this manipulation was to verify if the results of experiment 1 were replicated if task difficulty is increased. In experiment 3, the stimuli were presented without stereopsis and without texture. The tree experiments showed that a categorical code, and a code relevant to the role of the parts contribute to the discrimination of complex objects and that these codes are dependent to 2D and 3D orientation, independently of depth cues. The results also show a greater sensitivity to categorical than to metric configuration differences. Finally, a metric code also contributes to complex shapes discrimination. However, the contribution of this code disappears when the quantity of depth cues is reduced.

Trois expériences ont été menées dans le but de déterminer quels codes sous-tendant la représentation de l’organisation spatiale des composantes des formes complexes contribuent aux discriminations d’objets complexes. Les trois expériences ont utilisé une tâche d’appariement simultané d’objets complexes. Aux essais négatifs, les objets pouvaient avoir des différences catégorielles de configuration, des différences métriques de configuration, des différences métriques de configuration et du rôle des parties ou des différences du rôle des parties seulement. La distance angulaire 2D ou 3D entre les stimuli pouvait varier. À l’expérience 1, les stimuli étaient présentés avec stéréoscopie et avaient une surface avec un gradient de texture de haut contraste. L’expérience 2 constitue une réplication de l’expérience 1 hormis pour l’utilisation de stimuli dont le contraste était réduit. Le but de cette manipulation était de vérifier si les résultats de l’expérience 1 sont répliqués avec une tâche dont le niveau de difficulté est plus élevé. Les stimuli de la troisième expérience avaient une surface gris mat et étaient présentés sans stéréoscopie. Les trois expériences ont montré que des codes catégoriel et pertinent aux rôles des parties contribuent à la discrimination d’objets complexes. Toutefois, ces codes sont dépendants aux orientations 2D et 3D, et ce, peu importe la richesse de l’information de profondeur présente dans les stimuli. De plus, nos résultats démontrent une plus grande sensibilité aux différences catégorielles de configuration qu’aux différences métriques. Enfin, un code métrique contribue également aux discriminations. Toutefois, la contribution de ce code disparaît lorsque la quantité d’information de profondeur est réduite. / Tree experiments were conducted to determine which codes underlie the representation of the spatial organisation of the components of complex shapes. The tree experiments used a simultaneous matching task of complex objects. For the negative trials, the objects could have categorical differences of configuration, metric differences of configuration, metric difference along with differences in the role of parts, and differences in the role of parts only. The 2D or 3D angular distance between the stimuli could vary. In experiment 1, the stimuli were presented with stereopsis and had a surface with high contrast texture. Experiment 2 replicates the condition of experiment 1, except that the contrast of the stimuli was reduced. The goal of this manipulation was to verify if the results of experiment 1 were replicated if task difficulty is increased. In experiment 3, the stimuli were presented without stereopsis and without texture. The tree experiments showed that a categorical code, and a code relevant to the role of the parts contribute to the discrimination of complex objects and that these codes are dependent to 2D and 3D orientation, independently of depth cues. The results also show a greater sensitivity to categorical than to metric configuration differences. Finally, a metric code also contributes to complex shapes discrimination. However, the contribution of this code disappears when the quantity of depth cues is reduced.

Уточнена методика определения ветровых нагрузок на здания в ANSYS CFX на основе анализа сходимости полученных результатов с результатами физического моделирования. / The method for determining wind loads on buildings in ANSYS CFX has been refined based on the analysis of the convergence of the obtained results with the results of physical modeling.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-11T21:47:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERALÚCIA SEVERINA DA SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2016.pdf: 6421802 bytes, checksum: 9b42464393ac9c935bb0b5026ad45fc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T21:47:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VERALÚCIA SEVERINA DA SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2016.pdf: 6421802 bytes, checksum: 9b42464393ac9c935bb0b5026ad45fc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / A secagem é um processo termodinâmico, em que há transferência simultânea de calor e a remoção da umidade de um material poroso. Os produtos argilosos quando expostos a uma secagem sem controle pode sofrer fissuras e deformações, reduzindo sua qualidade póssecagem. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar teórico e experimentalmente a transferência de calor e massa em sólidos com forma complexa com, com ênfase a secagem de materiais cerâmicos argilosos. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um modelo matemático para descrever as trocas de calor e massa durante o processo de secagem, utilizando o método da capacitância global em corpos vazados. A solução analítica das equações governantes foi feita usando o método de separação de variáveis. Foram realizados experimentos de caracterização química e terrmo-hídrica da argila, e secagem de materiais cerâmicos argilosos vazados e com formas não-convencionais, em diferentes temperaturas (60, 70, 80, 90 e 100ºC). Resultados da composição química e granulometria da argila, e cinéticos de perda de massa e aquecimento das peças cerâmicas são apresentados e analisados. Verificou-se que o processo de perda de umidade ocorre a uma velocidade mais baixa do que o aquecimento do material cerâmico, que a temperatura e forma do corpo afetam fortemente os fenômenos de transporte de calor e massa, que a secagem a baixa temperatura favorece a redução de problemas no material pós secagem e melhoramento na qualidade final, e que os números de Biot de transferência de calor e de massa influenciam diretamente no tempo que o produto atinge sua condição de equilíbrio. A comparação entre o teor de umidade e temperatura preditos pelo modelo matemático proposto e os dados experimentais permitiu a estimativa dos coeficientes de transferência de massa e calor na superfície do material, com boa precisão. / Drying is a thermodynamic process, in which there is simultaneous heat transfer and moisture removal of a porous material. Clay products exposed to drying without control may suffer cracks and deformations, reducing its quality post-drying. This work aims to study theoretical and experimental the drying of solids with complex shape. It was developed a mathematical model to describe heat and mass transfer during the drying process, using the global capacitance method of hollow bodies. The analytical solution of the governing equations was made using the variable separation method. It were realized experiments of chemical and thermo-hydric characterization of clay, and drying of hollow and non-conventional clay ceramic materials at different emperatures (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100ºC). Results of the chemical composition and granulometry, and mass loss and heating of ceramic parts are presented and analyzed. It was verified that the moisture loss process occurs at a lower velocity than the heating of the ceramic material, the temperature and body shape strongly affect heat and mass transport phenomena, drying at low temperature favors the reduction of the problems in the material post-drying and improvement in the final quality, and that Biot numbers of heat and mass transfer directly affect the time to the product to reach its equilibrium condition. Comparison between predicted and experimental moisture content and temperature permitted estimative of the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients at the surface of the material, with good precision.

The ambitious late Gothic vaults created in the 15th and 16th centuries with their complex shape and complicated meshes of ribs soaring along spatial curves, were extremely demanding in their geometric design. This regards both the design of the whole structure, as also the design specifications for the single stone elements which were prefabricated and fit together on the building site with astonishing precision. In consequence, the particular character of these structures and their geometric features are intrinsically linked to the design routines and the geometric concepts used by the Master Builders. At present, these procedures and methods are not well understood, because they are not documented in original drawings, and because they differ in principle from the modern practice. In consequence, necessary works of repairing and restoring cannot recur to any information related to the original design. Moreover, understanding the characteristics of information transfer from the design to the execution, would cast a light on the information society in which these constructions were created. In several case studies, the geometric concepts of the intricate spatial curve systems of late Gothic vaults have been clarified on the basis of detailed surveys and geometrical analyses carried out on the built objects. On this background, also the existing sources such as historical design treatises could be re-interpreted. In a collaboration between the research group working on the design principles of late Gothic vaults at the Technische Universität Dresden, and expert stone masons specialized on historical working techniques and practical stereotomy at the Cathedral Workshop Œuvre Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, the phases of the design process, such as full-scale drawings on the tracing floor and the production of full-scale models and samples of ribs and keystones, are currently investigated in practical experiments. As result, we propose a complete picture of the design process from the general concept to the setting-out of the single stone elements. Further, we are able to drive general considerations on the Late Medieval and Early Modern design practice for stone structures and trace a new interpretation of the early treatises of stereotomy.

The ambitious late Gothic vaults created in the 15th and 16th centuries with their complex shape and complicated meshes of ribs soaring along spatial curves, were extremely demanding in their geometric design. This regards both the design of the whole structure, as also the design specifications for the single stone elements which were prefabricated and fit together on the building site with astonishing precision. In consequence, the particular character of these structures and their geometric features are intrinsically linked to the design routines and the geometric concepts used by the Master Builders. At present, these procedures and methods are not well understood, because they are not documented in original drawings, and because they differ in principle from the modern practice. In consequence, necessary works of repairing and restoring cannot recur to any information related to the original design. Moreover, understanding the characteristics of information transfer from the design to the execution, would cast a light on the information society in which these constructions were created. In several case studies, the geometric concepts of the intricate spatial curve systems of late Gothic vaults have been clarified on the basis of detailed surveys and geometrical analyses carried out on the built objects. On this background, also the existing sources such as historical design treatises could be re-interpreted. In a collaboration between the research group working on the design principles of late Gothic vaults at the Technische Universität Dresden, and expert stone masons specialized on historical working techniques and practical stereotomy at the Cathedral Workshop Œuvre Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, the phases of the design process, such as full-scale drawings on the tracing floor and the production of full-scale models and samples of ribs and keystones, are currently investigated in practical experiments. As result, we propose a complete picture of the design process from the general concept to the setting-out of the single stone elements. Further, we are able to drive general considerations on the Late Medieval and Early Modern design practice for stone structures and trace a new interpretation of the early treatises of stereotomy.