The motion of shock waves is important in many fields of engineering and increasingly so with medical applications and applications to inertial confinement fusion technologies. The flow structures that moving shock waves create when they encounter a change in area is complex and can be difficult to understand. Previousresearchers have carried out experimental studies and many numerical studies looking at this problem in more detail. There has been a discrepancy between numerical and experimental work which had remained unanswered. One of the aims of this project is to try and resolve the discrepancy between numerical and experimental work and try to investigate what experimental techniques are suitable for work of this type and the exact way in which they should be applied. Most previous work has focused on sharp changes in geometry which induce immediate flow separation. In this project rounded corners will also be investigated and the complex flow features will be analyzed.Two geometries, namely a sharp 172 degree knife-edge and a 2.8 mm radius rounded corner will be investigated at three experimental pressure ratios of 4, 8 and 12 using air as the driver gas. This yields experimental shock Mach numbers of 1.28, 1.46 and 1.55. High-speed schlieren and shadowgraph photography with varying levels of sensitivity were used to qualitatively investigate the wave structures. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) and traditional pressure transducers were used to quantify the flow field. Numerical simulations were performed using the commercial package Fluent to investigate the effect of numerical schemes on the flow field produced and for comparison with the experimental results. The sharp geometry was simulated successfully using an inviscid simulation while the rounded geometry required the addition of laminar viscosity. Reynolds number effects will be only sparsely referred to in this project as the flows under investigation show largely inviscid characteristics. As the flow is developing in time rather than in space, quotation of a distance-based Reynolds number is not entirely appropriate; however, Reynolds number based on the same spatial location but varying in time will be mentioned. The density-based diagnostics in this project were designed to have a depth of field appropriate to the test under consideration. This approach has been used relatively few times despite its easy setup and significant impact on the results. This project contains the first quantative use of PIV and PSP to shock wave diffraction. Previous studies have almost exclusively used density-based diagnostics which, although give the best impression of the flow field, do not allow for complete analysis and explanation of all of the flow features present. PIV measurements showed a maximum uncertainty of 5% while the PSP measurements showed an uncertainty of approximately 10%.The shock wave diffraction process, vortex formation, shear layer structure, secondary and even tertiary expansions and the shock vortex interaction were investigate. The experimental results have shown that using one experimental technique in isolation can give misleading results. Only by using a combination of experimental techniques can we achieve a complete understanding of the flow field and draw conclusions on the validity of the numerical results. Expanding the range of the experimental techniques currently in use is vital for experimental aerodynamic testing to remain relevant in an industry increasingly dominated by numerical research. To this end, significant research work has been carried out on extending the range of the PSP technique to allow for the capture of shock wave diffraction, one of the fastest transient fluid processes, and for applications to low-speed flow (< 20 ms−1).

Creation of vacuum is very slow, energetically and technologicaly demanding process. Closing of valve is very simple and fast process which produces pressure surges when moving cylinder of fluid is stopped. The goal of this thesis is to find out, if it is possible to combine these processes. To reach this goal, 1D model of compressible gas flow and pressure surges in direct pipeline was made. Then follows experimental measurement evaluation and assessment of potential that the technology offers.

The thesis includes two main parts. The first part comprises the theoretical analysis, i.e. literary research. It has been focused on questions regarding compressive pulsation and possible damping elements. The second part focuses on the formation of mathematical model of transition of matrix gas accumulator, the hydraulic set formation by the transition matrix method, the deduction of innate and constrained values and the compressible liquid mode shapes in cylindrical space.

The aim of this work is to provide new results of global existence for dif- ferent evolution equations of fluid mechanics. We are in general interested in finding weak solutions without restrictions on the size of initial data. The proofs of existence are based on several different approaches including en- ergy methods, convergence analysis of finite numerical methods and convex integration. All these techniques significantly exploit results of mathematical analysis and other branches of mathematics. 1

We consider a simplified model based on the Navier-Stokes-Fourier system coupled to a transport equation and the Maxwell system, proposed to describe radiative flows in stars. We establish global- in-time existence for the associated initial-boundary value problem in the framework of weak solutions. Next, we study a hydrodynamical model describing the motion of internal stellar layers based on compressible Navier-Stokes-Fourier-Poisson system. We suppose that the medium is electrically charged, we include energy exchanges through radiative transfer and we assume that the system is steadily rotating. We analyze the singular limit of this system when the Mach number, the Alfven number, the Peclet number and the Froude number go to zero in a certain way and prove convergence to a 3D incompressible MHD system with a stationary linear transport equation for transport of radiation intensity. Finally, we show that the energy equation reduces to a steady equation for the temperature corrector.

No description available.

In the present thesis we study the compressible Navier-Stokes-Fourier sys- tem. This is a system of partial differential equations describing the evolutionary problem for an adiabatic flow of a heat conducting compressible viscous fluid in a bounded domain. Here we consider the problem in two dimensions with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions for velocity. The cold pressure term in the pressure law for the momentum equation is here considered in the form pC(ϱ) ∼ ϱ logα (1+ϱ) for some α > 0, for which we need to work on the scale of Orlicz spaces in order to obtain useful estimates and in those space we formulate the problem weakly and also establish the weak compactness of the solution. The main result of this thesis is Theorem 6.1 where we show the existence of a weak solution with no assumptions on the size of the data and on arbitrary large time intervals. 1

The modern gas turbine engine industry needs a simpler and faster method to facilitate the design of gas turbine combustors due to the enormous costs of experimental test rigging and detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Therefore, in the initial design phase, a couple of preliminary designs are conducted to establish initial values for combustor performance and geometric characteristics. In these preliminary designs, various one-dimensional models using analytical and empirical formulations may be used. One of the disadvantages of existing models is that they are typically geometric dependant, i.e. they apply only to the geometry they are derived for. Therefore the need for a more versatile design tool exists. In this work, which constitutes the first step in the development of such a versatile design tool, a single equation-set network simulation model to describe both steady state compressible and incompressible isothermal flow is developed. The continuity and momentum equations are solved through a hybrid type network model analogy which makes use of the SIMPLE pressure correction methodology. The code has the capability to efficiently compute flow through elements where the loss factor K is highly flow dependant and accurately describes variable area duct flow in the case of incompressible flow. The latter includes ducts with discontinuously varying flow sectional areas. Proper treatment of flow related non-linearities, such as flow friction, is facilitated in a natural manner in the proposed methodology. The proposed network method is implemented into a Windows based simulation package with a user interface. The ability of the proposed method to accurately model both compressible and incompressible flow is demonstrated through the analyses of a number of benchmark problems. It will be shown that the proposed methodology yields similar or improved results as compared to other’s work. The proposed method is applied to a research combustor to solve for isothermal flows and flow splits. The predicted flows were in relatively close agreement with measured data as well as detailed CFD analysis. / Dissertation (MEng (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Das Deformations- und Versagensverhalten von Elastomeren wird maßgeblich von der rezepturspezifischen Zusammensetzung und den wirkenden Belastungsbedingungen beeinflusst. Untersuchungen zum Einfluss spezifischer Belastungsparameter, wie Deformationsgeschwindigkeit oder Belastungsszenario (statisch oder zyklisch, Zug oder Druck sowie Schub), auf das mechanische Verhalten von Elastomeren sind grundlegend für die technische Auslegung von Elastomerprodukten. Zur Beschreibung des Versagensverhaltens von Elastomeren unter zyklischer oder dynamischer Belastung sind bruchmechanische Konzepte in Industrie und Forschung bereits etabliert. Dabei basiert die Analyse des bruchmechanischen Verhaltens von Elastomeren meist auf makroskopischen Eigenschaften, obwohl (sub-) mikrostrukturelle Änderungen und Schädigungen erheblichen Einfluss haben wer-den. Ein spezifisches Phänomen mikrostruktureller Schädigung ist die Kavitation unter querdehnungsbehinderter Zugbelastung. Infolge geometrischer Zwangsbedingungen und einer dadurch eingeschränkten Kontrahierbarkeit, kann sich bei Zugbelastung ein mehrachsiger Spannungszustand einstellen. Infolge dessen können sich Defekte, sogenannte Kavitäten, bilden. Diese Kavitäten wachsen bei zunehmender äußerer Belastung und bauen dadurch die Zwangsbedingungen sowie die inneren Spannungen ab. Das Wissen über den Kavitationsprozess bei Elastomeren ist grundlegend für das Verständnis des makroskopischen Versagensverhaltens, doch bislang nur eingeschränkt vorhanden. In dieser Arbeit wurden Methoden für in situ Experimente, wie Dilatometrie und Mikrotomographie, entwickelt und optimiert. Dadurch konnte die Kavitation in Elastomeren umfassend untersucht und der Schädigungsverlauf mit aussagekräftigen Kennwerten beschrieben werden. Verschiedene Einflussfaktoren, wie Netzwerkeigenschaften und Füllstoffverstärkung, wurden ebenso beleuchtet wie der Einfluss von geometrischen Zwangsbedingungen. Für die Experimente wurden spezielle Prüfkörper verwendet, die durch ein ausgeprägtes Geometrieverhältnis gekennzeichnet sind. Sogenannte Pancake-Prüfkörper sind dünne scheibenförmige Zylinderproben, die zwischen steifen Probenhaltern verklebt werden. Sowohl an ungefüllten als auch rußverstärkten Elastomeren auf Basis von Styrol-Butadien-Kautschuk (SBR) konnte die Charakterisierung des Beginns der Kavitation, insbesondere dank hochauflösender Messtechnik, gelingen. Neben einem spannungsbasierten konnte auch ein energiebasiertes Kavitationskriterium definiert werden. In jedem Fall zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass die traditionellen Vorhersagen den werkstoffimmanenten Widerstand gegen Kavitation deutlich überschätzen. Entgegen der oft getroffenen Annahme, dass Kavitation ausschließlich infolge eines Grenzflächenversagens zwischen weicher Elastomermatrix und steifen Füllstoffpartikeln auftritt, konnte gezeigt werden, dass dieses Schädigungsphänomen auch bei ungefüllten Elastomeren auftreten kann. Des Weiteren wurde das Phänomen Kavitation mittels Kleinwinkel-Röntgenstreuung auch an gekerbten Flach-Prüfkörpern untersucht. Dabei konnten Kavitäten entlang der Rissfronten nachgewiesen werden. Im Zusammenhang von Kavitation und bruchmechanischem Verhalten konnte auch eine Korrelation zwischen Beginn der Kavitation und makroskopischer Rissinitiierung gefunden werden. Dies deutet zum einen darauf hin, dass die Kavitation durch bruchmechanische Vorgänge, wie Kettenbruch, bestimmt wird und zum anderen, dass die Kavitation das makroskopische Versagensverhalten beeinflusst. Weiterhin konnte sowohl mittels numerischer Berechnungen als auch anhand experimenteller Daten gezeigt werden, dass infolge geometrischer oder struktureller Zwangsbedingungen, entgegen der allgemeinen Annahme, für Elastomere nicht ausschließlich von inkompressiblem Deformationsverhalten ausgegangen werden sollte. Die vorgestellten experimentellen Methoden zur Charakterisierung der Kavitation in Elastomeren sind geeignet, um in weiteren Studien die Bestimmung z.B. von dynamisch-bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften unter Berücksichtigung mikrostruktureller Schädigung für verschiedene Elastomere zu untersuchen.:1 EINLEITUNG UND ZIELSTELLUNG 2 STAND DER FORSCHUNG ZUM DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERHALTEN VON ELASTOMEREN 2.1 GRUNDLAGEN ZUR KAUTSCHUKMISCHUNGSHERSTELLUNG UND -VERARBEITUNG 2.2 TYPISCHE MERKMALE DES PHYSIKALISCH-MECHANISCHEN EIGENSCHAFTSPROFILS VON ELASTOMEREN 2.3 CHARAKTERISIERUNG DES MECHANISCHEN UND BRUCHMECHANISCHEN VERHALTENS VON ELASTOMEREN 2.4 ANALYSE DES VERSAGENSVERHALTENS VON ELASTOMEREN INFOLGE QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 2.5 ABLEITUNG VON UNTERSUCHUNGSANSÄTZEN ZUR CHARAKTERISIERUNG UND BESCHREIBUNG DER KAVITATION IN ELASTOMEREN 3 VORBETRACHTUNGEN ZUM DEFORMATIONSVERHALTEN VON ELASTOMEREN 3.1 ALLGEMEINE GRUNDLAGEN 3.2 DEFORMATIONSVERHALTEN VON ELASTOMEREN UNTER KOMPLEXEN BELASTUNGSZUSTÄNDEN 3.3 FE-ANALYSE ZUR CHARAKTERISIERUNG DES DEFORMATIONSVERHALTENS VON PANCAKE-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4 EXPERIMENTELLES 4.1 WERKSTOFFE 4.2 PRÜFKÖRPER 4.3 KONVENTIONELLE CHARAKTERISIERUNG DER ELASTOMERE 4.4 OBERFLÄCHENANALYSE 4.5 IN SITU DILATOMETRIE AN PANCAKE-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4.6 IN SITU RÖNTGEN-MIKROTOMOGRAPHIE AN PANCAKE-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4.7 IN SITU KLEINWINKEL-RÖNTGENSTREUUNG AN GEKERBTEN FLACH-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4.8 ERMITTLUNG DES WERKSTOFFIMMANENTEN MAKROSKOPISCHEN WIDERSTANDS GEGEN RISSINITIIERUNG AN FLACH-PRÜFKÖRPERN 5 ERGEBNISSE UND DISKUSSION 5.1 PHYSIKALISCH-MECHANISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN 5.2 DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERLAUF VON UNGEFÜLLTEN ELASTOMEREN UNTER QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 5.2.1 Typische Verlaufsform der Kavitation und grundlegende Erkenntnisse 5.2.2 Beginn der Kavitation – Besonderheiten bei kleinen Dehnungen 5.2.3 Ursprung der Kavitation – Nukleierung und Bildung von Kavitäten 5.2.4 Fortschreitende Kavitation – Besonderheiten bei hohen Dehnungen 5.3 EINFLUSS TYPISCHER MISCHUNGSBESTANDTEILE AUF DEN DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERLAUF UNTER QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 5.3.1 Unterschiedliche Netzwerkeigenschaften durch Variation von Schwefel- und ZnO-Anteilen 5.3.2 Einfluss des Verstärkungseffekts durch Variation des Rußanteils 5.4 EINFLUSS GEOMETRISCHER ZWANGSBEDINGUNGEN AUF DEN DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERLAUF UNTER QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 5.4.1 Variation des Geometriefaktors von Pancake-Prüfkörpern ungefüllter Elastomere 5.4.2 Ermittlung einer effektiven Querkontraktionszahl als Maß der Kompressibilität des Deformationsverhaltens 5.4.3 Kavitation in der Rissprozesszone gekerbter Flach-Prüfkörper 5.5 BEWERTUNG DER KRITERIEN ZUR CHARAKTERISIERUNG DES BEGINNS DER KAVITATION 5.5.1 Diskussion zur Bestimmung eines spannungsbasierten sowie eines energiebasierten Kavitationskriteriums 5.5.2 Vergleich des energiebasierten Kavitationskriteriums mit dem werkstoffimmanenten Widerstands gegen Rissinitiierung 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6.1 ÜBERBLICK ZU GEWONNENEN ERKENNTNISSEN 6.2 AUSBLICK 6.3 PRAKTISCHE RELEVANZ LITERATURVERZEICHNIS BILDVERZEICHNIS TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ANHANG PUBLIKATIONSLISTE / The deformation and failure behavior of rubbers is significantly influenced by the chemical composition and loading conditions. Investigations on how loading parameters, such as strain rate or type of loading, e.g. quasi-static vs. cyclic or tension vs. compression, affect the mechanical behavior of rubbers are elementary for designing elastomeric products. Some fracture mechanical concepts describing the failure behavior of rubbers are widely accepted in industrial and academic research Although structural changes on the network scale may affect the mechanical properties of rubbers, the most common failure analyses are based on macroscopic approaches not considering microscopic damage. A specific phenomenon in (micro-) structural failure is cavitation due to strain constraints. Under geometrical constraints, the lateral contraction is suppressed. As a result, stress triaxiality causes inhomogeneous, nonaffine deformation and internal defects, so-called cavities, appear. The formation and growth of cavities release stress and reduce the degree of constraints. Although cavitation in rubber has been studied for several decades, the knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms triggering the cavitation process is still very limited. This study aimed to characterize and describe the cavitation process comprehensively using convincing material parameters. Therefore several influencing factors, such as network properties and filler reinforcement, have been considered. Hence, advanced experimental methods, such as dilatometry and microtomography have been used for in situ investigations. Thin disk-shaped rubber samples have been used to prepare pancake specimens, which are characterized by a high aspect ratio. As a result, the degree of stress triaxiality is high and the dominating hydrostatic tensile stress causes the initiation of cavitation. For unfilled and carbon black reinforced styrene-butadiene-rubbers the onset of cavitation was determined precisely by highly sensitive data acquisition. Both, a stress-related and an energy-based cavitation criterion were found indicating that traditional approaches predicting internal failure indeed overestimate the material resistance against cavitation. Of special interest was the often suspected cavitation in unfilled rubbers, because, cavitation in rubbers is mainly attributed to interfacial failure between soft rubber matrix and rigid filler particles. Furthermore, cavitation in the process zone of notched planar specimens could be monitored by in situ X-ray scattering experiments. As a result, cavities appear in a region along the crack front. To understand the correlation between cavitation and macroscopic crack initiation additional tests were realized, i.e. intrinsic strength analysis. The results have shown that the macro failure is affected by microfracture, e.g. growth of cavities, controlled by the breakage of polymer chains. Both, numerical and experimental data indicate that under strain constraints rubbers do not exhibit incompressible deformation behavior. The presented experimental methods to characterize cavitation are suitable for future studies to investigate further aspects of cavitation, e.g. the behavior under dynamic loading, in rubbers or other rubber-like materials.:1 EINLEITUNG UND ZIELSTELLUNG 2 STAND DER FORSCHUNG ZUM DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERHALTEN VON ELASTOMEREN 2.1 GRUNDLAGEN ZUR KAUTSCHUKMISCHUNGSHERSTELLUNG UND -VERARBEITUNG 2.2 TYPISCHE MERKMALE DES PHYSIKALISCH-MECHANISCHEN EIGENSCHAFTSPROFILS VON ELASTOMEREN 2.3 CHARAKTERISIERUNG DES MECHANISCHEN UND BRUCHMECHANISCHEN VERHALTENS VON ELASTOMEREN 2.4 ANALYSE DES VERSAGENSVERHALTENS VON ELASTOMEREN INFOLGE QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 2.5 ABLEITUNG VON UNTERSUCHUNGSANSÄTZEN ZUR CHARAKTERISIERUNG UND BESCHREIBUNG DER KAVITATION IN ELASTOMEREN 3 VORBETRACHTUNGEN ZUM DEFORMATIONSVERHALTEN VON ELASTOMEREN 3.1 ALLGEMEINE GRUNDLAGEN 3.2 DEFORMATIONSVERHALTEN VON ELASTOMEREN UNTER KOMPLEXEN BELASTUNGSZUSTÄNDEN 3.3 FE-ANALYSE ZUR CHARAKTERISIERUNG DES DEFORMATIONSVERHALTENS VON PANCAKE-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4 EXPERIMENTELLES 4.1 WERKSTOFFE 4.2 PRÜFKÖRPER 4.3 KONVENTIONELLE CHARAKTERISIERUNG DER ELASTOMERE 4.4 OBERFLÄCHENANALYSE 4.5 IN SITU DILATOMETRIE AN PANCAKE-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4.6 IN SITU RÖNTGEN-MIKROTOMOGRAPHIE AN PANCAKE-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4.7 IN SITU KLEINWINKEL-RÖNTGENSTREUUNG AN GEKERBTEN FLACH-PRÜFKÖRPERN 4.8 ERMITTLUNG DES WERKSTOFFIMMANENTEN MAKROSKOPISCHEN WIDERSTANDS GEGEN RISSINITIIERUNG AN FLACH-PRÜFKÖRPERN 5 ERGEBNISSE UND DISKUSSION 5.1 PHYSIKALISCH-MECHANISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN 5.2 DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERLAUF VON UNGEFÜLLTEN ELASTOMEREN UNTER QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 5.2.1 Typische Verlaufsform der Kavitation und grundlegende Erkenntnisse 5.2.2 Beginn der Kavitation – Besonderheiten bei kleinen Dehnungen 5.2.3 Ursprung der Kavitation – Nukleierung und Bildung von Kavitäten 5.2.4 Fortschreitende Kavitation – Besonderheiten bei hohen Dehnungen 5.3 EINFLUSS TYPISCHER MISCHUNGSBESTANDTEILE AUF DEN DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERLAUF UNTER QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 5.3.1 Unterschiedliche Netzwerkeigenschaften durch Variation von Schwefel- und ZnO-Anteilen 5.3.2 Einfluss des Verstärkungseffekts durch Variation des Rußanteils 5.4 EINFLUSS GEOMETRISCHER ZWANGSBEDINGUNGEN AUF DEN DEFORMATIONS- UND VERSAGENSVERLAUF UNTER QUERDEHNUNGSBEHINDERTER ZUGBELASTUNG 5.4.1 Variation des Geometriefaktors von Pancake-Prüfkörpern ungefüllter Elastomere 5.4.2 Ermittlung einer effektiven Querkontraktionszahl als Maß der Kompressibilität des Deformationsverhaltens 5.4.3 Kavitation in der Rissprozesszone gekerbter Flach-Prüfkörper 5.5 BEWERTUNG DER KRITERIEN ZUR CHARAKTERISIERUNG DES BEGINNS DER KAVITATION 5.5.1 Diskussion zur Bestimmung eines spannungsbasierten sowie eines energiebasierten Kavitationskriteriums 5.5.2 Vergleich des energiebasierten Kavitationskriteriums mit dem werkstoffimmanenten Widerstands gegen Rissinitiierung 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6.1 ÜBERBLICK ZU GEWONNENEN ERKENNTNISSEN 6.2 AUSBLICK 6.3 PRAKTISCHE RELEVANZ LITERATURVERZEICHNIS BILDVERZEICHNIS TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ANHANG PUBLIKATIONSLISTE

<div>Shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions (SWTBLIs) are characterized by low-frequency unsteadiness, amplified aerothermal loads, and a complex three-dimensional flowfield. Presence of a broad range of length and time-scales associated with compressible turbulence generates additional gasdynamic features that interact with different parts of the flowfield via feedback mechanisms. Determining the physics of such flows is of practical importance as they occur frequently in different components of a supersonic/hypersonic aircraft such as inlets operating in both on- and off-design conditions, exhaust nozzles, and control surfaces. SWTBLIs can cause massive flow separation which may trigger unstart by choking the flow in an inlet. On control surfaces, fatigue loading caused by low-frequency shock unsteadiness, coupled with high skin-friction and heat transfer at the surface, can result in failure of the structure.</div><div><br></div><div>The objective of this study is twofold. The first aspect involves examining the causes of unsteadiness in SWTBLIs associated with two geometries – a backward facing step flow reattaching on to a ramp, and a highly confined duct flow. Signal processing and statistical techniques are performed on the results obtained from Delayed Detached-Eddy Simulations (DDES) and Implicit Large-Eddy Simulations (ILES). Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is used as a complement to this analysis, by obtaining a low-dimensional approximation of the flowfield and associating a discrete frequency value to individual modes. </div><div><br></div><div>In case of the backward facing step, Fourier analysis of wall-pressure data brought out several energy dominant frequency bands such as separation bubble breathing, oscillations of the reattachment shock, shear-layer flapping, and shedding of vortices from the recirculation zone. The spectra of reattachment shock motion suggested a broadband nature of the oscillations, wherein separation bubble breathing affected the low-frequency motion and shear-layer flapping, and vortex shedding correlated well at higher frequencies. A similar exercise was carried out on the highly confined duct flow which featured separation on the floor and sidewalls. In addition to the low-frequency shock motions, the entire interaction exhibited a cohesive back-and-forth in the streamwise direction as well as a left-right motion along the span. Mode reconstruction using DMD was used in this case to recover complex secondary flows induced by the presence of sidewalls.</div><div><br></div><div>For the final aspect of this study, a flow-control actuator was computationally modeled as a sinusoidally varying body-force function. Effects of high-frequency forcing at F⁺ =1.6 on the flowfield corresponding to a backward facing step flow reattaching on to a ramp were examined. Conditionally averaged profile of streamwise velocity fluctuations, based on reattachment shock position, was used for the formulation of spatial distribution of the actuator. The forcing did not change the mean and RMS profiles significantly, but affected the unsteadiness of the interaction significantly. The effects of forcing were localized to the recirculation zone and did not affect the evolution of the shear-layer. The acoustic disturbances propagating through the freestream and recirculation zone drove the motion of the reattachment shock, and did not alter the low-frequency dynamics of the interaction.</div>