Orientador: Milton Mori / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T22:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_ArianeCorrea_M.pdf: 3646143 bytes, checksum: 81967e15123849d7596f2ba40c6b2c68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O comportamento dinâmico de um reator industrial de FCC (Craqueamento Catalítico Fluidizado) foi simulado utilizando modelos de escoamento gás-solido tridimensionais e aplicando o modelo cinético de 10-lumps desenvolvido por JACOB et al. (1976). O comportamento uidodinâmico e as reações químicas previstos foram validados com dados experimentais e de plantas industriais publicados na literatura. Além disso, foram adicionadas reações de craqueamento térmico ao modelo cinético de 10-lumps. Dessa forma foi possível investigar a influência dessas reações secundárias no rendimento da gasolina. Também foram identificados os locais em que essas reações são mais favoráveis a ocorrer. Foram utilizadas geometrias com diferentes entradas com o objetivo de identificar quais delas favorecem uma maior homogeneização do escoamento e o impacto delas nas taxas de reações de craqueamento térmico / Abstract: The dynamic behavior of a FCC (Fluidized Catalytic Cracking) industrial reactor was simulated employing 3D gas-solid ow models and applying the ten-lumps kinetic model developed by JACOB et al.(1976). The uid-dynamic and the chemical reactions predicted were validated with a set of plant data publicated in literature. Besides, there were added thermal cracking reactions to 4-lumps and 10-lumps kinetic model. Thus, it was possible to investigate the inuences of these secundary reactions in gasoline yield. It was also identi_ed the regions in which those reactions are more suitable to occur. Di_erent entries geometries werewas used to recognize which one provides a greater homogenization of the ow and their impact on the reaction rates of thermal cracking / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Milton Mori, Marcos Akra D'Ávila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mori_ErickDjin_M.pdf: 2359279 bytes, checksum: ee684b815a4962d2a25990de40b76d0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Escoamentos gás-líquido-sólido em colunas de bolhas ainda são pouco compreendidos pela comunidade científica. Conhecer melhor a hidrodinâmica em uma coluna de bolhas é condição primordial para o sucesso em seu dimensionamento. Se a natureza do escoamento multifásico por si só é complexa, a tarefa de estudá-lo se torna ainda mais desafiadora, tendo em vista que são poucos os trabalhos consistentes publicados na literatura que abordam a temática. No presente estudo, utiliza-se a técnica da fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD), para conduzir simulações tridimensionais e transientes, a fim de se descrever a hidrodinâmica de um sistema gás-líquido-sólido em uma coluna de bolhas com quantidade intermediária de sólidos. O problema é tratado por meio de uma abordagem Euleriana e a interação interfásica é descrita exclusivamente pelo arraste entre as fases gás-líquido e sólido-líquido. Os resultados numéricos obtidos são confrontados com resultados experimentais da literatura e comprovam a capacidade da ferramenta computacional em descrever o sistema em questão. A análise dos modelos de arraste para a interação sólido-líquido mostrou a relevância da escolha da lei de arraste para descrever corretamente a circulação de sólidos no leito. Para a interação gás-líquido sob as condições analisadas, os modelos que consideram distorções da fase gasosa mostraram melhor desempenho, frente os modelos que consideram apenas bolhas esféricas. A turbulência no meio contínuo foi descrita por modelos de duas equações, os modelos kepsilon e RNG k-epsilon. O último mostrou melhor desempenho em descrever o padrão de escoamento, possivelmente por ter sido concebido para escoamentos vorticiais / Abstract: Gas-liquid-solid flows inside bubble columns are not fully comprehended by scientific community yet. A better knowledge regarding the hidrodynamics of a bubble column is the first step towards reaching its sizing successfully. If the multiphase flow nature by itself presents great complexity, the task of studying it becomes even more challenging, since few are the consistent published work in the literature treating this subject. In the present study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to capture the hidrodynamics of a gas-liquid-solid flow inside a bubble column with intermediate solid concentration. The Eulerian approach was used as frame of reference and for the interphase forces only the drag between gas-liquid and solid-liquid phases were considered. The numerical results were compared to experimental data of the literature, showing the ability of CFD in describing the multiphase flow. Furthermore, analysis of drag models for the solid-liquid interaction indicates that the drag law plays an important role in describing the solid circulating in the system. For the gas-liquid interaction under the analyzed conditions, it has been found that the drag laws considering the bubble distortion showed better agreement with experimental data in comparison to the ones that considered bubbles as rigid spheres. The turbulence in the continuous phase was described by a two equation model. Comparison between standard k-epsilon and RNG k-epsilon revealed that in this case, the latter represented better the flow pattern, since it was developed for swirling flows / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Milton Mori, Jhon Jairo Ramirez Behainne / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hodapp_MaximilianJoachim_D.pdf: 4872915 bytes, checksum: 9619785faa8fc5ab19790d59903b0a7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A queima de carvão mineral em Leito Fluidizado Circulante (CFBC) tem interessado pesquisadores por várias décadas, tendo sido propostos inúmeros modelos matemáticos que visam descrever os complexos fenômenos de transferência de massa, energia e quantidade de movimento deste sistema gás-sólido. A fase sólida é uma mistura de materiais inertes, como a areia e a cinza de carvão, um agente desulfurizante, além do próprio combustível. A técnica de Fluidodinâmica Computacional tem sido aplicada com sucesso para simular não somente escoamentos multifásicos mas também problemas que envolvem reações químicas e troca de calor. Apesar disto, a caracterização individual dos diversos materiais da fase sólida não é muito estudada. Deste modo, neste trabalho foi pesquisada a representação numérica do escoamento no interior de um leito fluidizado por CFD. Numa primeira etapa estudou-se a fluidodinâmica gás-sólido a quente e numa segunda a implementação de uma abordagem trifásica para representar o processo de queima de carvão mineral. Assim, a fase gás e o material inerte foram considerados fluídos, conforme a abordagem Euleriana, enquanto o material reativo foi representado pela descrição Lagrangeana. A combustão ocorre principalmente num leito fluidizado de 4 m de altura e 0,1 m de diâmetro, operado no regime de baixa densidade de sólidos e rápida fluidização. As reações do sistema são aquelas que ocorrem na fase gasosa devido à liberação de voláteis do carvão, bem como a reação heterogênea do carbono. Os resultados das simulações CFD mostraram-se de acordo com os dados experimentais disponíveis para temperatura e composição dos gases de saída. A escolha de modelos de reação heterogênea e do inventário de sólidos do sistema se mostrou de grande importância à simulação do processo. Concluí-se que a abordagem trifásica apresentada mostra-se viável para sistemas nos quais a massa de material reativo sólido no sistema representa apenas uma fração da massa total dos sólidos presentes / Abstract: Coal combustion in Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustors (CFBC) has received great attention from researchers who have developed several approaches in order to model the complex phenomena of mass, energy and momentum exchange in this gas-solid system. The solid phase is usually a mixture of inert material, sand and ash, a desulfurization material such as limestone and the fuel itself. Computational Fluid Dynamics has been successfully applied to simulate not only the fluid dynamics of multiphase flow in components of CFBC's, but also to study the associated heat and mass transfer phenomena. However, the inclusion of more than one solid phase is not usually the · subject of research. Ideally each particle could be tracked in a Lagrangian formulation, which, for denser flows, could include inter-particle interactions. However even for small-scale plants the total number of particles by far exceeds currently available computing resources. In this work, a three-phase approach was applied to model fast bed CFBC riser, in which the gas phase and the inert particle phase are described in an Euler-trame while the reacting coal particles are tracked individually in a Lagrangian approach. A small pilot-plant unit feed with ash-rich Brazilian coal has been chosen as a study case. The combustion took place in a riser of 4m height and 0,1 m internal diameter, operating in the low-density regime. The chemical reactions in the system were those of the gas-phase homogeneous oxidation of the devolatilized components and the heterogeneous char combustion. The simulation results were in good agreement with experimental measurements for temperature and flue gas composition, hence the three-phase modeling showed to be a viable alternative to a more complete simulation of the CFBCs coal combustion process / Doutorado / Processos em Tecnologia Química / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Fluid jet polishing (FJP) is a new advanced polishing technology that finds applications in many industries, especially in the optics industry. With the broad application of various surfaces in optics, the sub-micrometric scale and the nanometric surface roughness accuracy are major challenges. Fluid jet polishing is a technology developed from abrasive water jet machining. This technology is a water jet cutting technology, which uses high-pressure flow to cut/remove materials. In this thesis, the working principle, and simulations, as well as verification of fluid jet polishing are thoroughly investigated. The verification of fluid jet polishing in this thesis includes velocity distribution and material removal derivations. The amount of material removed is directly related to the impact velocity of a particle with a surface, which helps define its abrasive particle velocity. During polishing, the particles travel in a solution called slurry. Due to the relatively similar velocity of the particles and the slurry, the particles and the slurry are assumed to be traveling at the same rate. In this thesis, three specific examples are investigated through the creation of an advanced model using FLUENT, a computational fluid dynamics software. The model simulates the particle path during the fluid jet polishing process, and this thesis compares the simulation results to prior analytical and experimental results. The results indicate that the fluid jet polishing erosion area at a particular location is axisymmetric when the 2D cross-section shape is investigated. As the impingement angle of the fluid jet is reduced, the center dead area, where no polishing is observed, approaches zero. vii Additionally, the horizontal component of the velocity vector initially increases then decreases as one moves away from the center stagnation point. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that the erosion depth into the surface that is polished increases when the working pressure of the fluid is increased. This thesis finds that when the distance between the fluid jet and the workpiece is 7 mm, material removal is maximum.

Den roterande bäddreaktornSpinChem® RBR S2 kan fyllas med solida partiklar och sänkas ned och roteras ien vätska. Detta gör att kemiska reaktioner mellan vätskan och partiklarna iRBR:en kan äga rum.Flödet från en RBR S2 i en 76 dm3 stor vattentank undersöktes med hjälp avsimuleringar i ANSYS Fluent 18.0. Den tid som krävdes för ett färgämne attsprida sig jämnt i vattentanken på grund av flödet från RBR:en mättes i ettexperiment och jämfördes med motsvarande simuleringar. Mixningstiderna frånexperimentet visade att det krävdes i genomsnitt 161 s för färgämnet att blijämnt fördelat, medan simuleringarna överskattade denna tid med ungefär 89 %.En simuleringsmodell för att avgöra hur mycket av en vätska som varit i kontaktmed partiklarna i RBR:en efter en given tid togs fram och testades.Simuleringarna visade att ungefär 8660 s krävdes för att 95 % av vätskan ivattentanken skulle ha varit i kontakt med partiklarna. Denna tid verifieradesdock inte med experiment. / The rotating bed reactorSpinChem® RBR S2 can be filled with solid particles and submerged into a liquidwhere it is rotated, which allows for chemical reactions to occur between theliquid and the particles.The flow in a 76 dm3 large tank of water due to the rotating RBR S2 wasinvestigated using simulations performed in ANSYS Fluent 18.0. The timerequired for a colouring agent to become uniformly mixed in the tank due to theflow from the device was measured in a practical experiment and was compared tosimulations. The mixing times obtained in the practical experiment were onaverage approximately 161 s, whereas the times obtained in the simulationoverpredicted this with approximately 89 %.A simulation model for determining how much of a liquid has been in contactwith the particles in the RBR after a given amount of time was suggested andtested. The simulation results showed that approximately 8660 s was requriedfor 95 % of the liquid to be in contact with the porous bed, although this timewas not verified experimentally.

The Particle Level set method is a successful extension to Level set methods to improve thevolume preservation in fluid simulations. This thesis will analyze how sparse volume data structures can be used to store both the signed distance function and the particles in order to improve access speed and memory efficiency. This Particle Level set implementation will be evaluated against Digital Domains current Particle Level set implementation. Different degrees of quantization will be used to implement particle representations with varying accuracy. These particles will be tested and both visual results and error measurments will be presented. The sparse volume data structures DB-Grid and Field3D will be evaluated in terms of speed and memory efficiency.

Ces travaux de doctorat portent sur la réduction du bruit d'origine aérodynamique émis par les ventilateurs et les doublets d'hélices contra-rotatifs. La méthodologie proposée consiste à intégrer des méthodes rapides et précises de prédiction des niveaux sonores dans le processus de conception. Cette thématique a vu son intérêt augmenter depuis que l'Union Européenne a restreint les limites d'exposition au bruit en milieu de travail et dans les zones habitées à proximité des aéroports. Parmi les méthodes numériques employées en aéroacoustique, les méthodes hybrides de prédiction du bruit sont considérées comme particulièrement appropriées pour la conception automatisée du fait de leur coût modéré en temps de calcul. Ces méthodes séparent la résolution de l'écoulement aérodynamique de celle de la génération du bruit et de sa propagation en champ lointain. L'écoulement aérodynamique est obtenu par simulation numérique, tandis que l'acoustique est traitée par méthodes analytiques. Ces méthodes analytiques développées et validées pour déterminer le bruit d'un profil aérodynamique placé dans un écoulement turbulent seront étendues pour traiter le réponse acoustique de pales en rotation. Ces travaux se concentrent sur deux configurations de ventilateurs basses vitesses. La première configuration traitée est le doublet d'hélices contra-rotatif de 4.2m de diamètre de la soufflerie L-1 de l'Institut von Karman (VKI). Ce système permet d'étudier le phénomène de bruit tonal et à large bande dû à l'impact des sillages turbulents, générés par l'hélice amont, sur l'hélice aval. La deuxième configuration traitée est un ventilateur à quatre pales du CETIAT (France) installé seul dans un large plenum. Ce système permet d'étudier le bruit propre ou bruit de bord de fuite causé par l'interaction des tourbillons générés par l'écoulement autour de la pale avec le bord de fuite de la pale. Pour cette configuration, des données expérimentales sont rendues disponibles dans le cadre d'un projet commun entre le VKI et le CETIAT. Les méthodes hybrides sont développées et mises en oeuvre pour ces deux mécanismes de bruit présents dans les deux configurations de ventilateur. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d'employer les méthodes hybrides ainsi calibrées et validées pour réaliser l'optimisation du doublet d'hélices contra-rotatif de la soufflerie L-1. Le coeur de ces travaux portera sur l'extension des méthodes hybrides pour la prédiction du bruit d'un profil dans un écoulement turbulent uniforme au cas du bruit tonal et à large bande d'interaction de sillages et du bruit à large bande de bord de fuite dans des ventilateurs basses vitesses. Il sera montré qu'il est possible de déterminer le spectre de bruit de manière rapide et précise en s'appuyant sur la connaissance du champ aérodynamique dont les quantités seront extraites de simulations numériques stationnaires (RANS) pour alimenter la formulation analytique retenue. Cette dernière doit être adaptée au mécanisme de bruit étudié, à savoir l'interaction d'une pale de ventilateur avec un sillage ou celle du bord de fuite avec la turbulence qui s'est développé le long de la pale. Les deux mécanismes de bruit sont d'abord modélisés avec des fonctions analytiques qui sont calibrés avec les données des simulations numériques. Les modèles de sources de bruit ainsi que les estimations finales de spectre de bruit sont comparées aux données expérimentales disponibles et à des simulations directes. Enfin la méthodologie retenue est mise en oeuvre dans le cadre de l'optimisation du doublet d'hélices L-1 au moyen d'un algorithme génétique. L'étude détaillée de la sensibilité des paramètres et des contraintes de l'optimisation apporte un nouveau regard sur l'optimisation multi-objectif efficacité-bruit qui sera de plus en plus utilisée pour la conception de turbomachine dans le futur. / Abstract : The context of this thesis is the reduction of noise emitted by ventilation fans and aeronautical counter-rotating open rotors, which will be achieved by implementing fast and accurate noise prediction methods in the design process. The interest towards this subject has increased since the European Union enforced lower limits of exposure to noise in work environments and also to environmental noise in the proximity of airports. In the field of computational aeroacoustics, hybrid methods for noise prediction are considered particularly suitable for use in an automated design procedure due to their low computational cost. In fact they split the description of the flow field, which is made by computational fluid dynamics, from the quantification of the source of noise and of its propagation, obtained by using analytic formulations. Such analytic methods have already been used successfully for the prediction of the noise emitted by an airfoil placed in a turbulent flow; it is therefore natural to try to extend their applicability to the case of rotating blades. Two application cases have been chosen for this thesis. The first one is the 4.2 m diameter counter-rotating fan of the von Karman Institute (VKI) L1 low-speed wind tunnel, which is used to study the phenomenon of wake-interaction tonal and broadband noise. The second application case is a four-bladed low-speed ventilation fan in which the dominant source of noise is the trailing-edge or self-noise caused by the turbulent eddies passing over the trailing-edge of the blade. In this case, an experimental database has been made available by CETIAT, France, in the framework of a collaborative project with VKI. The final step of the project will be to use the prediction codes developed for both the noise phenomena in the geometric optimization of the L1 counter-rotating fan. The fundamental question that will be addressed in the thesis is how to extend the hybrid CFD-analytic methods to predict noise from an airfoil in a uniform turbulent flow to the case of tonal and broadband wake-interaction noise and trailing-edge broadband noise in low-speed fans. It will be shown that it is possible to provide a fast and reasonably accurate prediction of the spectrum of noise emitted by low-speed fans by extracting flow data from Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations and using them as input to Amiet's analytic formulation, provided that this has been carefully adapted to the studied noise generation phenomenon, i.e. the interaction of the leading-edge of a fan blade with an incoming wake or of the trailing-edge with the turbulent boundary layer over the blade surface. Concerning the methodology, both noise generation mechanisms will first be modeled with analytic functions, then the necessary flow field input will be extracted from RANS simulations and the models will be validated with respect to experimental data, whenever possible, or to higher fidelity simulations. The last step of the project is the application of these noise prediction methods to the shape optimization of the L-1 fan blades by means of a genetic algorithm. The sensitivity analysis of the design parameters and of the constraints used in the optimization process provides a new perspective on the multi-objective efficiency-noise optimization approach which will be increasingly used in turbomachinery design in the future.

Diel vertical migrations (DVM) comprise the largest animal migration on the planet and are a phenomenon present in all bodies of water on Earth. A strong sound scattering layer undergoing DVM was observed in the Straits of Florida via a bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) Workhorse Longranger 75 kHz (Teledyne RD Instruments) located at the 244 m isobath. ADCP average backscatter showed a clear periodicity corresponding with sunrise and sunset times indicating the presence of a nocturnal DVM. Analysis of the ADCP backscatter data indicated zooplankton swimming velocities were faster during sunrise than sunset times. In several cases the zooplankton swimming velocity appeared to be faster at the beginning of the descent, after which the swimming velocity decreased. Analysis of ADCP velocity data indicated a measureable decrease in the northward component of the current velocity field during migrations (sunrise and sunset) compared to three hours prior. This was presumably associated with an increase in drag due to turbulent friction associated with DVM. A non-hydrostatic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with injection of Lagrangian particles was utilized to simulate the effects of DVM on the velocity field and turbulence signature of the Florida Current. A domain simulating a section of the Florida Current was created and zooplankton were represented by particle injection with a discrete phase model. The model was run with and without particles, holding all other parameters the same, for comparison. Idealized temperature stratification and velocity profiles were set for both summer and winter conditions to observe seasonal differences. For each case, velocity and turbulence with particles were compared to results without particles to confirm the changes in profiles were due to the zooplankton (Lagrangian particles). In several cases there was an observable change in average x-velocity profiles due to the injection of particles into the domain. In all cases there was an observable increase in subgrid turbulent viscosity in the wake of the injected particles. This effect was much stronger in the winter case, most likely due to stratification of the water column which gave a near critical Richardson number. These results indicated that DVM does in fact have an effect on the velocity profile and turbulence signature in a strong current under certain conditions and that there was a seasonal difference due to stratification profiles.

Moving contact line problems appear in many natural and industrial processes. A contact line is formed where the interface between two immiscible fluids meets a solid wall. Examples from everyday life include raindrops falling on a window and water bugs resting on water surfaces. In many cases the dynamics of the contact line affects the overall behavior of the system. Industrial applications where the contact line behavior is important include gas and oil recovery in porous media, lubrication, inkjet printing and microfluidics. Computer simulations are fundamental tools to understand and predict the behavior.   In this thesis we look at numerical simulations of dynamic contact line problems. Despite their importance, the physics of moving contact lines is poorly understood. The standard Navier-Stokes equations together with the conventional no-slip boundary condition predicts a singularity in the shear stresses at the contact line. Atomistic processes at the contact line come into play, and it is necessary to include these processes in the model to resolve the singularity. In the case of capillary driven flows for example, it has been observed that the microscopic contact line dynamics has a large impact on the overall macroscopic flow. In Paper I we present a new multiscale model for numerical simulation of flow of two immiscible and incompressible fluids in the presence of moving contact points (i.e. two-dimensional problems). The paper presents a new boundary methodology based on combining a relation between the apparent contact angle and the contact point velocity, and a similarity solution for Stokes flow at a planar interface (the analytic Huh and Scriven velocity). The relation between the angle and the velocity is determined by performing separate microscopic simulations. The classical Huh and Scriven solution is only valid for flow over flat walls. In Paper II we use perturbation analysis to extend the solution to flow over curved walls. Paper III presents the parallel finite element solver that is used to perform the numerical experiments presented in this thesis. Finally, the new multiscale model (presented in Paper I) is applied to a relevant microfluidic research problem in Paper IV. For this problem it is very important to have a model that accurately takes the atomistic effects at contact lines into account.

Improving the hydraulic performance of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is an important management strategy to not only ensure protection of public health and the environment, but also to maximize the potential reuse of valuable resources found in the treated effluent. To reuse effluent from WSPs, a better understanding of the factors that impact the hydraulic performance of the system is needed. One major factor determining the hydraulic performance of a WSP is sludge accumulation, which alters the volume of the pond. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was applied to investigate the impact of sludge layer geometry on hydraulic performance of a facultative pond, typically used in many small communities throughout the developing world. Four waste stabilization pond cases with different sludge volumes and distributions were investigated. Results indicate that sludge distribution and volume have a significant impact on wastewater treatment efficiency and capacity. Although treatment capacity is reduced with accumulation of sludge, the latter may induce a baffling effect which causes the flow to behave closer to that of plug flow reactor and thus increase treatment efficiency. In addition to sludge accumulation and distribution, the impact of water surface level is also investigated through two additional cases. Findings show that an increase in water level while keeping a constant flow rate can result in a significant decrease in the hydraulic performance by reducing the sludge baffling effect, suggesting a careful monitoring of sludge accumulation and water surface level in WSP systems.