This paper discusses FORTRAN optimizations that the user can perform manually at the source code level to improve object code performance. It makes use of descriptive examples within the text of the paper for explanatory purposes. The paper defines key areas in writing a FORTRAN program and recommends ways to improve efficiency in these areas.

The subject of this investigation is a specific set of parsers known as LR parsers. Of primary interest is a LR parsing method developed by DeRemer which specifies a translation method which can be defined by a Deterministic Push-Down Automation (DPDA). The method of investigation was to apply DeRemer's parsing technique to a specific language known as THIS Programming Language (TPL). The syntax of TPL was redefined as state diagrams and these state diagrams were, in turn, encoded into two tables--a State-Action table and a Transition table. The tables were then incorporated into a PL/l adaptation of DeRemer's algorithm and tested against various TPL statements.

In this thesis, the first chapter provides the general description of this interpreter. The second chapter contains a formal definition of the syntax of BASIC along with an introduction to the semantics. The third chapter contains the design of data structure. The fourth chapter contains the description of algorithms along with stages for testing the interpreter and the design of debug output. The stages and actions-are represented internally to the computer in tabular forms. For statement parsing working syntax equations are established. They serve as standards for the conversion of source statements into object pseudocodes. As the statement is parsed for legal form, pseudocodes for this statement are created. For pseudocode execution, pseudocodes are represented internally to the computer in tabular forms.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to provide an overview of the increasingly more important world of copyright protection as it concerns computer programs. The focus of this overview being primarily that of the national law of the Czech Republic, however this diploma thesis takes into account international law where applicable as well. The thesis begins with an introduction into the very concept of copyright law, the definition of a copyrightable work and that of computer programs and terms related therein. What follows is a brief account of the history of computer programs and computer programing in general as a basis for the following legal perspective into the matter. An international overview of the subject matter follows, including a look at key moments from an international perspective at the field of copyright protection of computer programs, including a brief overview of the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement as well as aspects of European Law. Computer programs as subjects of copyright protection, including additional classification, are the basis of the next chapter, while an account of the specifics of authorship, co-authorship, collective works and works created under employment follows thereafter. The subject matter of copyright itself, distinctions therein, the subject matter of...

The field of copyright protection of computer programs and resale of a copy of a computer program is not free of many substantial problems which are even supported by a fast technological development and which will probably soon result in substantial revision of both national and international copyright law. This thesis is to analyze and assess selected aspects of copyright protection of computer programs with main focus on resale of a copy of a computer program in both theoretical area and jurisprudence of European and US-American courts. This thesis reflects jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, German and Dutch courts and court decision available in the USA. The general introduction in the theme and related issues is followed by a thorough analyze of the jurisprudence, including two decisions of the European Court of Justice in the UsedSoft case and related decisions of German courts, as well as the decision in Vernor vs. Autodesk case, which is relevant for the US-American jurisprudence. With the focus on international legal protection of computer programs, which provides the computer programs with the same protection of literary works, a completely new aspect of copyright protection of the computer programs, which is the relation between the legal regulation of resale of immaterial...

This diploma thesis describes Czech legislation on copyright protection of computer programs in European and international law context. The commentary is mostly focused on current, practical issues, which often aren't clearly and satisfactorily solved, or issues which are subjects of current or recent litigations before European courts. First chapter introduces special characteristics of computer programs in copyright law, shortly mentions other possibilities of their legal protection and outlines some problems connected with massive technology development and international dimension of these questions, which are enlarged in following chapters. It also defines basic terminology used in the thesis. Chapter two, called "Sources of international and European law" mainly focuses on international treaties and EU directives, on which current Czech copyright protection of computer programs is based. Following chapter describes Czech copyright protection of computer programs, respecting, in general, structure of Czech Copyright Act and simultaneously gives deeper look into selected up to date problems. It compares computer programs with traditional copyrighted works, explains i.a. concept of "employee's work" and closely focuses on author's moral and, mainly, economic rights. Special attention is dedicated...

Summary: Software Licensing The thesis deals with different practical aspects of commercial software licensing from the perspective of the Czech legal system. The focus is put on software license agreement as the most important legal instrument granting rights of use for computer programs. The thesis opens with a summary of Czech legislation in force in this area in the context of European community law and international law. The legislation in effect is largely governed by the Copyright Act. Coming into effect from 1st January 2014, the software licensing agreement legislation moves into the New Civil Code. The thesis deals with the changes arising from this transition. The fifth chapter considers the regulation of pre-contractual liability in the New Civil Code as it is especially important in protecting confidential infor- mation in pre-contract negotiation. In summarising the issue of software licensing, the thesis builds on the elements of legal relationship. It examines the roles of licensee and licensor, the two parties of software license. The text also deals with cases where a licensor of creative work is a different from the creator of the work. The role of licensor can be assumed by a legal successor or by a party authorized to exercise property rights to work made for hire. The next part explores...

Call number: LD2668 .P7 1973 M39

Formal methods are necessary in achieving correct software: that is, software that can be proven to fulfil its requirements. Formal specifications are unambiguous and analysable. Building a formal model improves understanding. The modelling of nondeterminism, and its subsequent removal in formal steps, allows design and implementation decisions to be made when most suitable. Formal models are amenable to mathematical manipulation and reasoning, and facilitate rigorous testing procedures. However, formal methods are not widely used in software development. In most cases, this is because they are not suitably supported with development tools. Further, many software developers do not recognise the need for rigour. Object oriented techniques are successful in the production of large, complex software systems. The methods are based on simple mathematical models of abstraction and classifi cation. Further, the object oriented approach offers a conceptual consistency across all stages of software development. However, the inherent flexibility of object oriented approaches can lead to an incremental and interactive style of development, a consequence of which may be insuffi cient rigour. This lack of rigour is exacerbated by the inconsistent and informal semantics for object oriented concepts at all stages of development. Formal and object oriented methods are complementary in software development: object oriented methods can be used to manage the construction of formal models and formality can add rigour to object oriented software development. This thesis shows how formal object oriented development can proceed from analysis and requirements capture to design and implementation. A formal object oriented analysis language is defined in terms of a state transition system semantics. This language is said to be customer-oriented: a number of graphical views of object oriented relations in the formal analysis models are presented, and the specifi cations produced say what is required rather than how the requirements are to be met. A translation to ACT ONE provides an executable model for customer validation. This translation is founded on a precise statement of the relationship between classes and types (and subclassing and subtypes). The structure of the resulting ACT ONE requirements model corresponds to the structure of the problem domain, as communicated by the customer. The step from analysis to design requires an extension to the requirements model to incorporate semantics for object communication. A process algebra provides a suitable formal model for the specifi cation of communication properties. LOTOS, which combines ACT ONE and a process algebra in one coherent semantic model, provides a means of constructing object oriented design semantics. Design is de fined as the process of transforming a customer-oriented requirements model to an implementation-oriented design, whilst maintaining correctness. Correctness preserving transformations (CPTs) are defined for: transferring requirements structure to design structure, manipulating design structure and changing internal communication models. Design must be targetted towards a particular implementation environment. The thesis examines a number of different environments for the implementation of object oriented LOTOS designs. It illustrates the importance of understanding programming language semantics. We show how Eiffel can be used to implement formal object oriented designs. A case study which evaluates the formal object oriented models and methods, developed in this thesis, is reported. This identifi es re-use at all stages of software development and emphasises the role of structure: it improves understanding and communication, and makes validation and veri fication easier and better. The thesis shows that formal object oriented technology is ready for transfer to industry. These methods should be exploited sooner rather than later: object oriented development can incorporate formal methods without signi ficant cost, and formal methods can utilise the object oriented paradigm to manage complexity. The thesis provides a rationale for formal object oriented development and a set of conceptual tools which makes the development of software systems a true engineering discipline.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment Of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 1993 / Renewal is the extraction of the intellectual content (algorithms, data structures) from an existing program, and then puilding a new more maiatainable program using more modem progra1Tlming methods and languages. A survey of software structure on maintenance. highlighted the different hierarchies produced by functional and object-oriented design methods. Elecsim, a linear circuit sL~ulator written in Pascal, was chosen as the existing program to be renewed, The new version follows the approach of decoupling the user interface and introducing an explicit scheduler. The object-oriented design technique is used extensively. Other issues addressed include online-help and. documentation for the program. Conclusions are drawn which are generally applicable from the specificlessons learnt from the Elecsim/Elector case study. / MT2017