Use of multi-detector CT in lung cancer screening has the potential to detect smaller lung nodules with improved sensitivity. In this study the development of a Computer Aided Detection (CAD) system for lung nodules is reported. A combination of two segmentation approaches is used, to segment lung regions. Following segmentation, a selective enhancement filter is applied for ''initial'' identification of nodule seed points in lung regions. Candidate lung nodule regions were delineated with the use of a region growing algorithm, with thresholds provided by minimum error thresholding. False positive regions were subsequently removed using two Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifiers in cascade, utilizing a set of 6 morphological features extracted from corresponding nodule candidate regions of the enhanced and the original images. The proposed automated scheme was tested on a reference dataset of 21 cases provided by the Lung Imaging Database Consortium. System performance on a case and slice basis provided sensitivities of 91% and 81% respectively, both with an average of 5 FPs per slice. Further analysis of the slice dataset with respect to size, contrast and location of nodules provided sensitivities of 81%, 83% and 85% for nodules of small size, low contrast and near pleura. This CAD scheme may be a useful tool in assisting radiologists in lung nodule detection. / Χρήση υπολογιστικής αξονικής τομογραφίας με πολλαπλών ανιχνευτών στον πληθυσμιακό έλεγχο καρκίνου το πνεύμονα αναμένεται να συμβάλει θετικά λόγω της ικανότητας της να ανιχνεύει οζίδια του πνεύμονα μικρού μεγέθους με αυξημένη ευαισθησία. Σε αυτή την μελέτη περιγράφεται η ανάπτυξη συστήματος αυτόματης ανίχνευσης οζιδίων του πνεύμονα, με στόχο την αύξηση της ευαισθησίας σε πολυτομική αξονική τομογραφία. Το σύστημα ανίχνευσης οζιδίων αποτελείται από τρία στάδια, το στάδιο της τμηματοποίησης των πνευμονικών πεδίων, την αναγνώριση των αρχικών υποψηφίων περιοχών και τέλος την μείωση των ψευδώς θετικών ενδείξεων. Η τμηματοποίηση των πνευμονικών πεδίων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τον συνδυασμό δύο αυτόματων τεχνικών τμηματοποίησης. Στην συνέχεια ένα επιλεκτικό ενισχυτικό φίλτρο εφαρμόζεται στην περιοχή των πνευμονικών πεδίων, για την ανίχνευση τον αρχικών υποψηφίων οζιδίων και τον συντεταγμένων τους. Τα όρια των υποψήφιων οζιδίων καθορίστηκαν με την βοήθεια ενός αλγορίθμου οριοθέτησης περιοχής με τις σταθερές κατωφλιού να υπολογίζονται αυτόματα βάση τις τεχνικής που προτάθηκε από τον Kittler et al. Η μείωση των ψευδώς θετικών ενδείξεων πραγματοποιήθηκε με την εφαρμογή δύο ταξινομητών Support Vector Machines (SVM) σε σειρά, οι οποίοι χρησιμοποίησαν 6 μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά τα οποία υπολογίστηκαν από τις περιοχές των υποψηφίων οζιδίων στην ενισχυμένη αλλά και στην αρχική εικόνα. Το σύστημα το οποίο παρουσιάζεται σε αυτή την εργασία εφαρμόστηκε και δοκιμάστηκε σε βάση δεδομένων αναφοράς η οποία περιλαμβάνει 21 εξετάσεις, την οποία τις παρέχει το Lung Imaging Database Consortium ((LIDC). Η απόδοση του συστήματος σε επίπεδο εξέτασης και επίπεδο τομής ήταν αντίστοιχα 91% και 81% με 5 ψευδώς θετικές ενδείξεις αντίστοιχα. Περαιτέρω ανάλυση βάση του μεγέθους, αντίθεσης και θέσης των οζιδίων απέδωσε ευαισθησίες 81%, 83% και 85% για οζίδια μικρού μεγέθους, χαμηλής αντίθεσης και οζίδια που βρίσκονται στον υπεζοκότα. Το προτεινόμενο σύστημα μπορεί να αποδειχθεί χρήσιμο εργαλείο υποβοήθησης ανάγνωσης οζιδίων σε πολυτομική αξονική τομογραφία για τους ακτινολόγους.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stelmo Magalhaes Barros Netto.pdf: 2768924 bytes, checksum: bf6f24780a03adb4f2940b818c95f293 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Lung cancer is still one of the most frequent types throughout the world. Its diagnosis is very difficult because its initial morphological characteristics are not well defined, and also because of its location in relation to the lung. It is usually detected late, fact that causes a large lethality rate. Facing these difficulties, many researches are done, concerning both detection and diagnosis. The objective of this work is to propose a methodology for computer-aided automatic lung nodule detection. The return of the development of such methodology is that its application will aid the doctor in the simultaneous detection of several nodules present in computerized tomography images. The methodology developed for automatic detection of lung nodules involves the use of a method of competitive learning, called Growing Neural Gas (GNG). The methodology still consists in the reduction of the volume of interest, by the use of techniques largely used in thorax extraction, lung extraction and reconstruction. The next stage is the application of the GNG in the resulting volume of interest, that together with the separation of the nodules from the various structures present in the lung form the segmentation stage, and, finally, through texture and geometry measurements, the classification as either nodule or non-nodule is performed. The methodology guarantees that nodules of reasonable size are found with sensibility of 86%, specificity of 91%, what results in accuracy of 91%, in average, for ten training and test experiments, in a sample of 48 nodules occurring in 29 exams. The false-positive per exam rate was of 0.138, for the 29 analyzed exams. / O câncer de pulmão ainda é um dos mais incidentes em todo mundo. Seu diagnóstico é de difícil realização, devido as suas características morfológicas iniciais não estarem bem definidas e também por causa da sua localização em relação ao pulmão. É geralmente detectado tardiamente, que tem como conseqüência uma alta taxa de letalidade. Diante destas dificuldades muitas pesquisas são realizadas, tanto em relação a sua detecção, quanto a seu diagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia de detecção automática do nódulo pulmonar com o auxílio do computador. O ganho com o desenvolvimento desta metodologia, é que sua implementação auxiliará ao médico na detecção simultânea dos diversos nódulos presentes nas imagens de tomografia computadorizada. A metodologia de detecção de nódulos pulmonares desenvolvida envolve a utilização de um método da aprendizagem competitiva, chamado de Growing Neural Gas (GNG). A metodologia ainda consiste na redução do volume de interesse, através de técnicas amplamente utilizadas na extração do tórax, extração do pulmão e reconstrução. A etapa seguinte é a aplicação do GNG no volume de interesse resultante, que em conjunto com a separação do nódulo das diversas estruturas presentes formam a etapa de segmentação, e por fim, é realizada a classificação das estruturas em nódulo e não-nódulo, por meio das medidas de geometria e textura. A metodologia garante que nódulos com tamanho razoável sejam encontrados com sensibilidade de 86%, especificidade de 91%, que resulta em uma acurácia de 91%, em média, para dez experimentos de treino e teste, em uma amostra de 48 nódulos ocorridos em 29 exames. A taxa de falsos positivos por exame foi de 0,138, para os 29 exames analisados.