I have developed an analytical method for the determination of molecular hydrogen in seawater. It is based on the change of hydrogen concentration in a 30 cc. volume of air as it is equilibrated with a one-liter sample of seawater. The change in hydrogen concentration in the air is measured using a gas chromatograph with a helium ionization detector. The system has been utilized aboard ship on several occasions and has been proven to be both dependable and readily transportable. The accuracy of a single measurement is limited to about plus or minus fifteen per cent by the analytical precision of the method. The precision is limited by the random errors in the GC analysis. Shipboard and laboratory experiments have shown that contamination of near-surface and near-bottom samples can be a major problem unless special precautions are taken. / Graduation date: 1978

This thesis describes an investigation of how techniques of modelling, estimation and control can be used to improve regulation of pH. A novel mathematical model of neutralization is used which explicitly accounts for two separate sources of non-linearities in pH systems: the inherent non-linearity of the pH measurement and the variable and uncertain non-linearity of the neutralization chemistry. A detailed interactive simulation package was developed. It has been used to study: <ul><li>1. The application of a Bayes' non-linear estimator to a noisy pH measurement. The estimator is used in conjunction with an Extended Kalman Filter in order to generate estimates for use in combined feedforward/feedback controllers. A novel version of the Bayes' estimator is developed which successfully estimated jumping and drifting bias on the pH measurement.</li><li>2. A novel cautious stochastic control law which uses the generated estimates and allows for their uncertainty. Reduced quality of estimation forces the controller to regulate the pH at an optimally tuned target value where control is easier.</li><li>3. Comparisons of a variety of modern and conventional control algorithms. The modern algorithms include three self-tuners, the non-linear estimators and the cautious controller. The conventional algorithms include a PID controller, analytical linearisation of the pH measurement and the use of estimated or measured feedforward signals. Twenty-five pH control laws are simulated.</li></ul> The quality of regulation which can be achieved depends on what prior information is available about the neutralisation process. A strategy is proposed which matches controller structure to available information. This strategy provides guidelines to the control configurations that can be implemented as well as their relative limitations. It is shown that improvement in performance over a PID regulator is possible if one uses more complex controllers. This improvement is investigated by simulation because it varies from one process to another. It is also shown how the resulting simulation package has been used for computer aided design of pH control systems in the chemical industry.

Shen, Jinbo. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-119). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

The potentiometric method is one of the most exact techniques of electrochemistry. Its use is widespread in both routine measurements, such as pH determination, and in applications which demand the highest accuracy. Perhaps its severest limitation is the error due to liquid junction potentials. Although this has been the subject of much study, and although various means of combating it have been proposed, it has defied all attempts at a satisfactory solution. Indeed, so serious is the position that it has become the accepted practice in the more accurate fields to abandon altogether the use of potentiometric techniques in favour of others, usually less convenient and otherwise less accurate, when the presence of liquid junctions cannot be avoided. Intro. p. 1.

No description available.

Submitted by MARLON RODRIGUES GARCIA null (marlon92319@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-04-18T18:04:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final - Marlon.pdf: 6766003 bytes, checksum: 4849566caadd0c8935bb400de40fb690 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T14:54:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_mr_me_ilha.pdf: 6766003 bytes, checksum: 4849566caadd0c8935bb400de40fb690 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T14:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_mr_me_ilha.pdf: 6766003 bytes, checksum: 4849566caadd0c8935bb400de40fb690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho aborda-se a utilização de um sensor de deslocamento angular em fibra óptica para a caracterização de líquidos utilizando-se ondas de Lamb e o modo quase Scholte (QSCH) propagados em placa metálica. O sensor reflexivo compreende duas fibras ópticas, uma emissora e outra receptora, uma lente positiva, uma superfície reflexiva, um laser e um fotodetector. Primeiramente, realiza-se um breve estudo sobre a propagação de ondas mecânicas guiadas em placas metálicas imersas em fluidos. Nesse estudo, são obtidas as curvas de dispersão para a velocidade de fase e para a velocidade grupo em função do produto frequência-semiespessura da placa, tanto para as ondas de Lamb quanto para o modo QSCH, considerando diferentes fluidos. Posteriormente, aborda-se o modelamento matemático do sensor reflexivo, obtendo-se as curvas características estáticas para quatro diferentes configurações. Em seguida, descreve-se o processo de montagem do sensor reflexivo, com todos os seus detalhes construtivos. Já na parte experimental, aplicando-se um pulso senoidal de envoltória gaussiana em um transdutor, investiga-se primeiramente a excitação do modo fundamental simétrico da onda de Lamb, S0. Captando-se simultaneamente os sinais da onda propagada na placa pelo sensor reflexivo e por uma piezocerâmica em modo de recepção, obtêm-se os valores experimentais da velocidade de grupo. Comparando-se os valores experimentais com os valores teóricos previstos pelas curvas de dispersão, percebe-se que o sensor reflexivo pode ser utilizado para se medir modos simétricos da onda de Lamb.Visando-se a caracterização de líquidos, imerge-se parcialmente uma placa de alumínio em um fluido sob teste, e excita-se o modo fundamental antissimétrico da onda de Lamb, A0. O modo A0 converte-se em modo QSCH na interface ar-fluido, o qual sofre reflexão na borda da placa e se reconverte em modo A0 na interface fluido-ar. Utilizando-se o sensor reflexivo, pode-se medir a velocidade de propagação do modo QSCH. Sabendo-se que a velocidade do modo QSCH é diferente para diferentes fluido, verifica-se que o sensor pode ser utilizado para medir porcentagens de misturas de fluidos. Adicionalmente, medem-se também os deslocamentos lineares gerados pelo modo A0 na placa de alumínio na direção out-of-plane, comparando-se os resultados com as medições realizadas por um interferômetro de Michelson. / In this work one approaches the use of an angular displacement optical fiber sensor for characterization of liquids using Lamb waves and quasi-Scholte waves (QSCH) propagated in a metal plate. The reflective sensor comprises two optical fibers, one emitting and another receiving, a reflective surface, a laser and a photodetector. Firstly, one develops a brief study about the propagation of mechanical waves in metal plates imbibed in fluids. In this study, one obtains the dispersion curves for the phase velocity and the group velocity as a function of the frequency-halfwidth product for both Lamb waves and QSCH mode, considering different fluids. Subsequently, it one approaches the mathematical modeling of the reflective sensor, obtaining the static characteristic curves for four different configurations. Next, one describes the assembly process of the reflective sensor, with all the construction details. In the experimental part, one investigates the excitement of the symmetrical fundamental mode of the Lamb wave applying a sinusoidal pulse of gaussian envelope. Catching up simultaneously the wave propagated signals by the reflective sensor and by a piezoceramic, one obtains the experimental values of the group velocity. Comparing the experimental values with the values proposed by the dispersion curves, one notices that the reflective sensor can be used to measure the symmetric modes of the Lamb waves. Aimed at the characterization of liquids, one immerges partially an aluminum plate in a fliud under test, and one excites the fundamental antisymmetric mode of the Lamb wave, A0. The A0 mode becomes QSCH in the air-fluid interface, which reflects in the edge of the plate and is reconverted into A0 mode in the fluid-air interface. Using the reflective sensor, one can measure the QSCH mode propagation velocity. Knowing that the QSCH velocity is different for different fluids, one verifies that the sensor can be used to measure percentages of fluid mixtures. One measures also the linear displacements generated by the A0 mode in the aluminum plate in the out-of-plane direction, comparing the results with the measurements made by a Michelson interferometer.

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Resumo: Neste trabalho aborda-se a utilização de um sensor de deslocamento angular em fibra óptica para a caracterização de líquidos utilizando-se ondas de Lamb e o modo quase Scholte (QSCH) propagados em placa metálica. O sensor reflexivo compreende duas fibras ópticas, uma emissora e outra receptora, uma lente positiva, uma superfície reflexiva, um laser e um fotodetector. Primeiramente, realiza-se um breve estudo sobre a propagação de ondas mecânicas guiadas em placas metálicas imersas em fluidos. Nesse estudo, são obtidas as curvas de dispersão para a velocidade de fase e para a velocidade grupo em função do produto frequência-semiespessura da placa, tanto para as ondas de Lamb quanto para o modo QSCH, considerando diferentes fluidos. Posteriormente, aborda-se o modelamento matemático do sensor reflexivo, obtendo-se as curvas características estáticas para quatro diferentes configurações. Em seguida, descreve-se o processo de montagem do sensor reflexivo, com todos os seus detalhes construtivos. Já na parte experimental, aplicando-se um pulso senoidal de envoltória gaussiana em um transdutor, investiga-se primeiramente a excitação do modo fundamental simétrico da onda de Lamb, S0. Captando-se simultaneamente os sinais da onda propagada na placa pelo sensor reflexivo e por uma piezocerâmica em modo de recepção, obtêm-se os valores experimentais da velocidade de grupo. Comparando-se os valores experimentais com os valores teóricos previstos pelas curvas de dispersão, percebe-se que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work one approaches the use of an angular displacement optical fiber sensor for characterization of liquids using Lamb waves and quasi-Scholte waves (QSCH) propagated in a metal plate. The reflective sensor comprises two optical fibers, one emitting and another receiving, a reflective surface, a laser and a photodetector. Firstly, one develops a brief study about the propagation of mechanical waves in metal plates imbibed in fluids. In this study, one obtains the dispersion curves for the phase velocity and the group velocity as a function of the frequency-halfwidth product for both Lamb waves and QSCH mode, considering different fluids. Subsequently, it one approaches the mathematical modeling of the reflective sensor, obtaining the static characteristic curves for four different configurations. Next, one describes the assembly process of the reflective sensor, with all the construction details. In the experimental part, one investigates the excitement of the symmetrical fundamental mode of the Lamb wave applying a sinusoidal pulse of gaussian envelope. Catching up simultaneously the wave propagated signals by the reflective sensor and by a piezoceramic, one obtains the experimental values of the group velocity. Comparing the experimental values with the values proposed by the dispersion curves, one notices that the reflective sensor can be used to measure the symmetric modes of the Lamb waves. Aimed at the characterization of liquids, one immerges partially an alumi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The presented dissertation thesis is focused on the optimization of filtering circuit synthesis. In the five main sections of this work, the author analyzes partial problems related to several areas within the synthesis of modern filtering circuits. The first chapter constitutes an examination of elementary aspects which characterize present-day integrated circuits in voltage feedback operational amplifiers, and this main content is further complemented with a view on possible application of these circuits for the designing of filtering circuits as proposed within subsequent parts of the thesis. In this context, the second chapter contains a description of the design and optimization of digitally controlled universal filters tunable by means of digital potentiometers originally produced for audio technology. These digitally controlled circuits are increasingly utilized as analog preprocessing blocks in digital signal processing systems. The most extensive portion of the dissertation is dedicated to a complex analysis of individual configurations of economical, purposely lossy active function blocks and modern voltage operational amplifiers. This part of the thesis aims at providing a detailed insight into the characteristics of individual configurations of examined circuits; furthermore, in this respect, the author proposes a comparison of various application possibilities relating to these circuits and their wider use in the field of active frequency filters optimization. The described section of the work also includes a definition and examples of application of the designed and realized program, which facilitates significant simplification of purposely lossy ARC filters. In the penultimate part of the dissertation thesis, the design, development, and verification of a suitable synthesis procedure are presented together with the optimization of data and (in particular) power models of EMC filters. Based on the verification of characteristics inherent with the designed models of EMC filters, the suggested measuring procedure related to these filters is described, including the design of a station for measuring elementary parameters of line anti-interference devices up to very high frequencies. In the last section of the thesis, the author discusses the procedure of air ions concentration measurement through an aspiration condenser and analyzes the systematic and random errors as well as the optimization of filtration characteristics of the applied measurement method. This part includes the description of the design and characteristics of the realized fully automated measurement system with an aspiration condenser.