The use of the object oriented programming approach in developing applications for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures is discussed. Two object oriented programming languages, Actor and Borland C++ for Windows were used to develop several applications. Actor is a pure object oriented programming language while C++ is a hybrid object oriented programming language. A simple program for computing the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete tee beams was developed in both languages. A second program for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete continuous beams was developed in Actor and C++. This application is representative of a practical structural engineering application and has both analysis and design components. The procedures and techniques used in the development of this application can easily be applied to the development of other structural engineering applications. A third program for the design of simply supported beams was also developed in Actor. The advantages and disadvantages of object oriented programming for structural engineering application development were studied. It was found that object oriented programming has significant benefits. However, these benefits can only be utilized if careful thought is given during the program development stage. There is also some overhead associated with object oriented programming. A comparative study of the two programming languages: Actor and Borland C++ was also performed. / Master of Science

abstract: A comprehensive study was performed on non-proprietary ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) material and several design methods were suggested based on numerous experimental results. Several sets of compression tests, direct tensile tests, and flexural tests were performed on UHPC to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the mechanical behavior of the fiber reinforced material. In addition to compressive tests, flexural tests, based on ASTM C1609 and EN 14651, were performed. The effect of the strain rate on the UHPC material was also investigated through the high-speed tensile tests at different strain rates. Alongside the usual measurement tools such as linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) and clip gages, digital image correlation (DIC) method was also used to capture the full-range deformations in the samples and localized crack propagations. Analytical approaches were suggested, based on the experimental results of the current research and other research groups, to provide design solutions for different applications and design approaches for UHPC and hybrid reinforced concrete (HRC) sections. The suggested methods can be used both in the ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS) design methods. Closed form relationships, based on the non-linear design of reinforced concrete, were used in the calculation of the load-deflection response of UHPC. The procedures were used in obtaining material properties from the flexural data using procedures that are based on back-calculation of material properties from the experimental results. Model simulations were compared with other results available in the literature. Performance of flexural reinforced UHPC concrete beam sections tested under different types of loading was addressed using a combination of fibers and rebars. The same analytical approach was suggested for the fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) sections strengthened (rehabilitated) by fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) and textile reinforced concrete (TRC). The objective is to validate the proper design procedures for flexural members as well as connection elements. The proposed solutions can be used to reduce total reinforcement by means of increasing the ductility of the FRC, HRC, and UHPC members in order to meet the required flexural reinforcement, which in some cases leads to total elimination of rebars. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

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Bibliography: leaves 140-144. / xix, 156 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Determines the effect of partial-interaction and interfacial friction on the fatigue behaviour of composite bridge beams and develops a set of design rules for the assessment of the residual strength and performance of composite bridge beams. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999

M.Ing. / This research project was initiated by a well-known international company (MAKRO SA), which had experienced floor joint problems occurring in their industrial floors. Floor joint problems i.e. joint damage and spalling of the joint area result, from a combination of construction workmanship and quality control problems, as well as from operational hard wheeled vehicle loading conditions. Damaging and spalling of joint edges are general problems occurring on warehouse floor slabs because of hard wheeled loads trafficking joints. In addition, joint filler detachment from the joint wall surface looks aesthetically poor and leaves the possibility of hygienic problems developing. In the case of MAKRO SA stores, the above problems are not acceptable and should be avoided at all costs. The objective of the report is to investigate solutions to solve the problem of joint damage in industrial floors due to problems occurring in practice, as described below. Floor joint edge problems are a result of three main reasons. First, subsoil quality. The quality of the subsoil is determined by the compaction effort and type of filler materials used, which in turn determine the amount of deflection that will be detected at joint edges. Subgrade quality determines whether deflection of the top concrete layer will occur. Poor compaction and filler material contributes to excessive deflection occurring due to inadequate support of the concrete floor slabs. Water penetration through the floor slab results in the fines of the subsoil being eroded or washed out, resulting in a less dense material, which will deflect under large vehicle and store racking loads. It is concluded that good quality subsoil conditions will result in less deflection and level irregularities of the top concrete floor slab, resulting in less joint damage and spalling. Secondly, the effect of floor and joint workmanship on damage and joint edge spalling. Level irregularities occur due to poor troweling or floating efforts at the joint area. Poor joint edge workmanship results from incorrect formwork removal from the joint wall resulting in a damaged joint edge and additional spalling of the joint to that occurring from wheel load impact. Joints undergo damage as forklifts traffic the joint area as wheel load and energy

This thesis investigates a parametric study of a flat plate floor system designed using post-tensioning. The load balanced by the post-tensioning, the slab depth, and the strength of concrete were varied to create the parametric study of a hotel/condominium grid layout. In order to perform the parametric study, research was conducted on the development of post-tensioning, methods of analysis for two-way slab design, and post-tensioning methods of analysis. Design was conducted by hand through a series of Excel spreadsheets and compared to results found using the computer analysis program, ADAPT-PT. The designs found in the parametric study were then used to perform a cost analysis across ten cities in the United States: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Phoenix, San Francisco, and Seattle. The designs from the hand analysis and the ADAPT-PT model provided similar results for the post-tensioning, and both methods provide an adequate design. The use of ADAPT-PT is recommended because of its ease of use and quick calculation capabilities. The designs of the hand analysis were quantified and along with unit prices gathered from contractors and suppliers the cost analysis found that the design with 100% of the dead load balanced provided the least expensive solution for all the cities, and the design using a 6000 psi strength concrete provide the most expensive solution for all cities. The least expensive slab design was $9.02 per square foot in Atlanta, Georgia, and the most expensive slab design was $24.96 per square foot in Miami, Florida. A more rigorous parametric study in the future may provide a better optimization for the hotel/condominium slab investigated as the parametric study of this thesis found costs which varied by less than 10% between the most expensive and least expensive slabs in the ten cities.

A special problem in many reinforced concrete structures built in the 1970s and earlier is the lack of continuity between elements. Continuity is a characteristic of structures essential to preventing collapse. Therefore, in extreme loading conditions such as loss of a column support due to terrorist attack or if earthquake or other extreme actions occur, the structures could be vulnerable to collapse. The study reported here focused on two structural discontinuities in existing reinforced concrete structures, discontinuity in bottom reinforcement in beams (horizontal discontinuity) and poorly detailed lap splices in columns (vertical discontinuity). The objective of this study was to develop rehabilitation methods using CFRP to provide continuity of reinforcement in existing structures. To develop the rehabilitation methods, two separate experimental studies were conducted using beam and column specimens. CFRP materials were applied to the bottom or side face of a beam and anchored using CFRP anchors or U-wraps to provide horizontal continuity in bottom reinforcement and tested under dynamic loading. After CFRP rehabilitation, the ductility of the bottom reinforcement and large rotational capacity of the beam were realized. CFRP materials were also applied to the lap splice region in square and rectangular columns which exhibited a brittle splice failure as-built. After rehabilitating the columns using CFRP jackets and anchors, the failure mode changed from a brittle splice failure to yield of column reinforcement, and the strength and deformation capacity were improved under both monotonic and cyclic loading. Based on the results of beam and column tests, design guidelines for CFRP rehabilitation were proposed. Horizontal and vertical continuities can be provided through the use of CFRP for rehabilitating existing reinforced concrete structures that were designed prior to the introduction of codes that require continuous reinforcement along members and between adjacent members. The vulnerability of such structures to collapse can be reduced through rehabilitation. / text

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é complementar a ferramenta de dimensionamento de pórticos planos de concreto armado já existente no Ftool, programa educacional amplamente difundido no meio acadêmico. Para tanto, foi introduzido o cálculo e dimensionamento de pilares de concreto armado à flexão composta reta. Foi adicionada uma nova seção transversal, referente aos pilares retangulares com armaduras simétricas. Além disso, foi necessária a inclusão de um método de análise não linear geométrica simplificado que fosse compatível com a filosofia do Ftool, aliando simplicidade e eficiência: o método dos Dois Ciclos Iterativos. A ferramenta para análise não linear geométrica pode ou não ser utilizada em conjunto com a ferramenta para o dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto armado, sendo possível a análise não linear geométrica de pórticos planos constituídos de outros materiais. A metodologia utilizada para o dimensionamento dos pilares em concreto armado é a que se baseia nas zonas de solicitação e foi adequada para estar de acordo com a norma brasileira vigente, a ABNT NBR 6118:2014, assim como o dimensionamento de vigas existente em uma versão anterior dessa ferramenta. Dessa forma, é possível exibir resultados para pórticos planos compostos por vigas e pilares em concreto armado, nos mesmos moldes da versão anterior, com diagramas para as armaduras longitudinal e transversal disponíveis nos modos necessária e adotada. / [en] The main objective of this work is to complement the reinforced concrete plane frames design tool already existing in Ftool, an educational tool widely known in academia. Therefore, the design of reinforced concrete columns was introduced. A new cross section for rectangular columns with symmetrical steel reinforcement was added. In addition to that, the inclusion of a simplified nonlinear geometric analysis that was in accordance to the philosophy of Ftool, combining simplicity and efficiency, was needed: the Two cycles iterative method. The nonlinear geometric analysis tool may or may not be used together with the reinforced concrete plane frames design tool, thus allowing for geometric nonlinear analyses of plane frames of other materials. The methodology used for the reinforced concrete frames design was based on solicitation zones and was adapted to be in accordance with the Brazilian code, the ABNT NBR 6118:2014, as was the existing reinforced concrete beams design tool. It is now possible to show results for plane frames composed of reinforced concrete columns and beams just as in the previous version of the reinforced concrete design tool, showing diagrams for the necessary and adopted longitudinal and transversal steel reinforcement.

Esta tesis tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, la cual propone evaluar la influencia de la permeabilidad en diseños de concreto con el uso de aditivos Sika WT – 100 y Sika WT – 200 en obras hidráulicas de Lima Metropolitana, debido a que estas estructuras almacenan y/o conducen grandes volúmenes de agua a una velocidad determinada, y éstas al tener contacto con el agua reducen su vida útil. Los objetivos de esta tesis son determinar la profundidad de penetración de agua bajo presión bajo la Norma Europea EN 12390 – 8 y la resistencia a la compresión bajo la Norma Técnica Peruana NTP 339.034; para finalmente, determinar la permeabilidad para diseños de concreto bajo la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 4483. Para lograr los objetivos mencionados, se diseñó y elaboró 144 probetas cilíndricas de concreto de 10 cm de diámetro y 20 cm de altura y 48 probetas cilíndricas de concreto de 15 cm de diámetro y de altura, de las cuales fueron 64 probetas de concreto patrón (sin uso de ningún aditivo), 64 probetas de concreto con aplicación de 2% de aditivo Sika WT – 100; y 64 probetas de concreto con aplicación de 1% de aditivo Sika WT – 200. Los resultados de los diseños de concreto patrón, WT – 100 y WT – 200 con una relación agua/cemento de 0.40, con respecto a la profundidad de penetración de agua bajo presión, fueron 40, 30 y 15 mm, respectivamente. Los resultados de los diseños de concreto patrón, WT – 100 y WT – 200, con respecto a la resistencia a la compresión a los 28 días con una relación agua/cemento de 0.40, fueron 637, 621 y 632 kg/cm2, respectivamente. Según la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 4483 y con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que el diseño de concreto patrón y el diseño de concreto WT – 100 alcanzan una media permeabilidad y que el diseño de concreto WT – 200 alcanza una baja permeabilidad, con una relación agua/cemento de 0.40. This thesis has a quantitative focus, that propose to evaluate the influence of permeability concrete designs with the use of admixtures Sika WT – 100 and Sika WT – 200 in Metropolitan Lima waterworks, because these structures store and lead large volumes of water at a certain speed, and when these has contact with water reduces their useful life. The objectives of this thesis are to determine the depth of penetration of water under pressure under the European Norm EN 12390-8 and compressive strength under the Peruvian Technical Norm NTP 339.034; finally, determine the permeability of concrete designs under the Colombian Technical Norm NTC 4483. To achieve these objectives, we designed and developed 144 cylindrical concrete specimens 10 cm in diameter and 20 cm high and 48 cylindrical concrete specimens 15 cm in diameter and height, which were 64 concrete specimens pattern (without use of any admixture) concrete specimens 64 with application of 2% admixture Sika WT - 100; and 64 concrete specimens with application of 1% admixture Sika WT - 200. The results of pattern, WT – 100 and WT - 200 concrete designs with a water – cement ratio of 0.40, with respect to the depth of penetration of water under pressure, were 40, 30 and 15 mm, respectively. The results of pattern, WT – 100 and WT - 200 concrete designs with a water – cement ratio of 0.40, with respect to compressive strength at 28 days, were 637, 621 and 632 kg/cm2, respectively. According to the Colombian Technical Norm NTC 4483 and the obtained results, one can conclude that the pattern concrete design and WT - 100 concrete design reach a medium permeability and concrete design WT - 200 reaches a high permeability, with a water – cement ratio of 0.40.