Les excitons semiconducteurs sont des quasi-particules bosoniques composées d’un électron et d’un trou appariés par attraction coulombienne. Ils peuvent subir une condensation de Bose-Einstein dont l’originalité réside dans le fait que les excitons participant au condensat se distribuent de façon cohérente entre quatre états de « spin » : les deux états de plus basse énergie qui sont « noirs » puisqu’ils ne sont pas couplés à la lumière, et les deux états « brillants », à plus haute énergie, permettant de voir les signatures quantiques via une émission cohérente de photons. La condensation des excitons doit donc conduire à une occupation macroscopique des états noirs quand la température est inférieure à 1 K, et a été expérimentalement démontrée en 2015 dans la thèse de M. Beian. Cette thèse montre, cette fois-ci, la participation des excitons brillants à la condensation de Bose-Einstein. En étudiant un gaz bi-dimensionnel d’excitons confinés dans un piège électrostatique, nous montrons, dans le régime dilué, qu’émerge un ordre à longue portée d’origine quantique, avec un accroissement de la cohérence temporelle de la photoluminescence émise par les excitons brillants, en dessous d’une température critique commune d’environ 1 K. La présence de vortex quantiques, signalés par des défauts de densité et par l’apparition de singularités de phase dans les figures d’interférences spatiales, apporte la preuve que 85% des excitons participent à la formation d’un superfluide à quatre composantes, avec une population macroscopique d’excitons noirs couplée de façon cohérente à une fraction d’excitons brillants condensés. / Semiconductor excitons are bosonic quasi-particles compound of an electron and a hole bound by Coulomb attraction. They can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation in a very original fashion: excitons are distributed among four "spin" states. The lowest energy states are "dark" because optically inactive while at a higher energy, two "bright" states are coupled to the photon field. Below sub-kelvin temperatures, condensation of excitons leads to a macroscopic population of the dark states, as demonstrated in M. Beian's thesis in 2015. This dark condensate is coherently coupled with a small fraction of bright excitons whose their weak photoluminescence emitted allows to probe signatures for quantum coherence. In this thesis, we show the contribution of bright excitons to the Bose-Einstein condensation. We study a 2D dilute gas of excitons confined in a electrostatic trap where we reveal, below a critical temperature of about 1 K, a quantum long-range order with an increased temporal coherence of the photoluminescence emitted by bright excitons. The appearance of quantised vortices, signalled by density defects and phase singularities in spatial interferences patterns, gives us the demonstration that 85% of the trapped excitons participate in the formation of a four-component superfluid where a macroscopic population of dark excitons is coherently coupled with a fraction of condensed bright excitons.

Disordered photonics is the study of light in random media. In a disordered photonic medium, multiple scattering of light and coherence, together with the fundamental principle of reciprocity, produce a wide range of interesting phenomena, such as enhanced backscattering and Anderson localization of light. They are also responsible for the existence of modes in these random systems. It is known that analogous processes to Bose-Einstein condensation can occur in classical wave systems, too. Classical condensation has been studied in several contexts in photonics: pulse formation in lasers, mode-locking theory and coherent emission of disordered lasers. All these systems have the common theme of possessing a large ensemble of waves or modes, together with nonlinearity, dispersion or gain. In this work, we study light condensation and its connection with light localization in a disordered, passive dielectric medium. We develop a theory for the modes inside the disordered resonator, which combines the Feshbach projection technique with spin-glass theory and statistical physics. In particular, starting from the Maxwell’s equations, we map the system to a spherical p-spin model with p = 2. The spins are replaced by modes and the temperature is related to the fluctuations in the environment. We study the equilibrium thermodynamics of the system in a general framework and show that two distinct phases exist: a paramagnetic phase, where all the modes are randomly oscillating and a condensed phase, where the energy condensates on a single mode. The thermodynamic quantities can be explicitly interpreted and can also be computed from the disorder-averaged time domain correlation function. We launch an ab initio simulation campaign using our own code and the Shaheen supercomputer to test the theoretical predictions. We construct photonic samples of varying disorder and find computationally relevant ways to obtain the thermodynamic quantities. We observe the phase transition and also link the condensation process to the localization. Our research could be a step towards the ultimate goal: to build a ”photonic mode condenser”, which transforms a broadband spectrum to a narrow one - ideally, to a single mode - with minimal energy loss, aided solely by disorder.

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1952 M61 / Master of Science

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Chan Chak Ming = 二元玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚態之硏究 / 陳澤明. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [100]-104). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chan Chak Ming = Er yuan Bose-Aiyinsitan ning ju tai zhi yan jiu / Chen Zeming. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iii / List of Figures --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Trapped Ideal Bose Gas --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Bogoliubov Theory of Weakly Interacting Bosons --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- One-component BEC --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Two-component BEC --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Condensate Wavefunctions and Collective Excitations --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1 --- Properties of Condensate Wavefunctions --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- Collective Excitations --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- Appendix: Numerical Methods and Practical Procedures --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Gradient Descent Method --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Iterative Diagonalization Method --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Practical Procedures --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Noncondensate Atoms in Homogeneous BEC --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1 --- Noncondensate Atoms in One-Component BEC --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2 --- Bogoliubov Theory for Two-species Homogeneous BEC --- p.35 / Chapter 4.3 --- Same Mass System: m1= m2 --- p.37 / Chapter 4.4 --- Unequal Mass System: m1 ≠ m2 --- p.48 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Noncondensate Atoms in a Trapped BEC --- p.55 / Chapter 5.1 --- Case I: The Noncondensate Atoms in the Mixture of Two Spin States of 87Rb --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2 --- Case II: The Noncondensate Atom in the Mixture of 87Rb and 23Na --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Two-component BEC in Relative Motion --- p.65 / Chapter 6.1 --- Bogoliubov Theory for Motional Two BEC --- p.65 / Chapter 6.2 --- Stability Analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Dynamical Stability Analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Anomalous Mode Analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- "Critical Velocity, Anomalous Modes Critical Velocity and Sound Velocities" --- p.78 / Chapter 6.3 --- Motional Two-component BEC in a Ring --- p.80 / Chapter 6.4 --- Two-component BEC of the Same Species --- p.85 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Moving Particles in Momentum Space --- p.88 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Moving Particles in Real Space --- p.93 / Chapter 6.4.2.1 --- Strong coupling regime: (g > k02/2) --- p.93 / Chapter 6.4.2.2 --- Weak-coupling regime: (g《<k02/2) --- p.95 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.93 / Bibliography --- p.100

Enhancement of condensation heat transfer by wrapping of fine WIres on a condenser tube and Marangoni condensation of binary mixtures have been studied. For wire-wrapped tubes enhancement is due to modification of the profile of the condensate surface which leads to axially-directed pressure gradients and local thinning of the condensate film. Approximate theories do not agree well with limited available data prior to the present work. A systematic experimental investigation has been conducted using three fluids with widely different properties. Five wire diameters and a range of winding pitch have been used. Maximum heat-transfer enhancement ratios of 3.7, 2.2 and 2.3 for R-I13, ethylene glycol and steam respectively were obtained. The effect of inundation for steam condensation on wire-wrapped tubes has also been investigated. Extensive data exist for Marangoni condensation of steam-ethanol mixtures on small plane ve.rtical surfaces. Here the practically more relevant case C?f a horizontal tube has been studied. Apparent differences between the vertical plate and horizontal tube data are shown to be due to circumferential variation of tube surface temperature. Enhancement ratios up to around 3.7 have been obtained with as little as 0.05% mass fraction of ethanol in the boiler feed. For wire-wrapped tube and Marangoni condensation, a copper condenser tube (outside diameter 12.2 mm) fitted with four embedded wall thermocouples was cooled internally by water using a wide range of flow rates. The coolant temperature rise was measured to within 0.01 K using a ten-junction thermopile while the coolant temperature rise ranges were 0.11 to 0.77 K, 0.89 to 9.28 K and 1.00 to 6.98 K for the wire-wrap tests with R-I13, ethylene glycol and steam respectively and 1.24 to 29.1 K for Marangoni condensation. The effect on the boiler performance for water-ethanol mixtures has also been investigated.

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Ng Ho Tsang = 玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚態在一個雙井形位勢的量子糾纏的理論 / 吳浩錚. / "1st November 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-167) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Ng Ho Tsang = Bose-Aiyinsitan ning ju tai zai yi ge shuang jing xing wei shi de liang zi jiu chan de li lun / Wu Haozheng.