Dans ce travail, différentes solutions aqueuses de PEDOT: polyelectrolyte ont été synthétisées à partir de polymères anioniques de types polysaccharides et polystyrènes substitués par des groupements bis(sulfonylimide). Leurs morphologies, dopages,comportements rhéologiques ainsi que leurs propriétés opto-électroniques ont notammen tété caractérisés. Une étude systématique a révélé que les polyélectrolytes de masse molaire élevée portant un groupement fortement acide et ayant un squelette rigide permettent d'obtenir un dopage élevé, une dispersion efficace du PEDOT et donc des complexes PEDOT : polyelectrolyte plus conducteurs. L'utilisation du polyelectrolyte PSTFSI en tant qu'agent de complexation pour le PEDOT donne une dispersion stable montrant les caractéristiques d'un gel, ce qui facilite la fabrication de films minces par 'spin coating' ou doctor blade. Les films de PEDOT : PSTFSI ainsi obtenus montrent une transparence élevée et une conductivité de 330S.cm-1. Ces propriétés ont permis de les intégrer avec succès comme matériaux d'électrodes dans des dispositifs OLED, OPV et OECT. / In this work different aqueous dispersions of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) :polyelectrolyte (PEDOT:polyelectrolyte) complexes,made from anionic polysaccharides and from synthetic bis(sulfonylimide) substituted polystyrenes, have been synthesized and characterized regarding their doping, morphology, rheological behavior and opto-electronic properties. A systematic study revealed, that high molar mass polyelectrolytes with strongly acidic groups and a rigid backbone structure were favorable for a high doping and an efficient dispersion of PEDOT and allowed the development of highly conducting PEDOT:polyelectrolyte complexes. The use of the polyelectrolyte poly(4-styrenetrifluoromethane(bissulfonylimide)) (PSTFSI) as complexing agent for PEDOT resultedin stable dispersions with gel character, which allowed easy processing by spin coating and doctor blading. The obtained PEDOT:PSTFSI films were highly transparent,displayed a conductivity of up to 330S.cm-1 and were successfully integrated as electrodes in OLED, OPV and OECT devices.

Il existe un réel besoin de développer des matériaux et des technologies avancés pour améliorer l’interface avec le cerveau humain. De tels enregistrements électrophysiologiques sont nécessaires pour des fins diagnostiques ou dans des domaines innovants tels que l’interface homme/machine. Les dispositifs issus de l’électronique organique représentent des alternatives prometteuses grâce à leurs propriétés mécaniques et leur biocompatibilité. L’utilisation de polymères conducteurs ouvre la voie vers une nouvelle interface avec le milieu biologique. Ce travail présente un procédé de fabrication innovant permettant d’intégrer le polymère conducteur PEDOT:PSS sur des électrodes sèches pour une application à l’électroencéphalographie (EEG). L’étape suivante consiste en l’utilisation d’un dispositif actif tel que le transistor organique électrochimique (OECT) afin de profiter de l’amplification locale qu’il permet. Cette dernière est extrêmement importante dans le cas de la neurophysiologie, domaine dans lequel l’amplitude des signaux enregistrés est très basse. En ce sens, l’intégration d’OECTs à des dispositifs d’enregistrement de signaux neuronaux a montré un bien supérieur rapport signal / bruit (SNR) en comparaison à des électrodes conventionnelles. La bioélectronique est un domaine innovant à applications variées. Cette thèse présente la conception et la validation par l’application de dispositifs organiques dans le domaine des neurosciences. D’autres progrès dans les domaines du diagnostic, des biocapteurs, ou de la distribution de médicaments pavent la voie pour de nouvelles applications dans l’agroalimentaire ou encore la qualité de l’eau ou de l’air. / There is a tremendous need for developing advanced materials technologies for interfacing with brain and record neural activity. Such electrophysiological recordings are necessary for diagnostic purposes and brain/machine interfaces. Among the existing technologies, organic electronic devices constitute a promising candidate because of their mechanical flexibility and biocompatibility. The use of conducting polymers, which allow both ionic and electronic transport, allows new modes for interfacing with the biological milieu. This work presents an innovative process to incorporate the conducting polymer poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene: poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) onto electrodes for applications in electroencephalography (EEG). A step beyond conducting polymer electrodes is provided by the Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT). The primary advantage of using active devices is the local amplification they provide. This local amplification becomes extremely important in the case of electrophysiological signals, for which the amplitude is very low. The use of the OECT for various electrophysiological measurements is presented, done for clinical purposes like ECG or EEG, for new marketing studies like EOG, and for more fundamental neurological applications, like the recording in vitro of neuronal unitary activity. Bioelectronics is an inspiring field with broad scope. This thesis deals with applications of organic electronic devices in neuroscience. Other applications in diagnostics, biosensing, or drug delivery will offer huge opportunities for food safety, pollution control or even environmental applications.

The evaluation of concentration of ions and molecules with the help of biosensors have been regarded as an emerging technology. Bio and chemical sensors have a variety of applications in the field of medicine, military, environmental and food industries alike. With an estimated investment growth of over 4.31% in the development of pH sensors in the next five year, the objective of a developing a robust measurement system is all the more required. The scope of this research is to evaluate the ability of conducting polymer-based gel electrolytes for pH sensitivity, as a function of the transistor characteristics using an Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor or a conducting film in an electrochemical cell. Polymer gels were prepared by dissolving a suitable conducting polymer in an acidic media. The interaction of the gel with a buffer solution of known pH was collected as electric signals using a glassy carbon as an electrode. The electrochemical cell was further connected to the gate of a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect transistor (MOS-FET). The drain current was measured under two conditions; a) voltage across the gate (VGS) was kept constant, with varying voltage across the drain (VDS) and b) voltage across drain was fixed, while gate voltage changed. The drain current versus voltage of the transistor was plotted as a function of the ion interaction between the gel and the buffer. Different plots were recorded for different values of pH solutions. Final results were plotted to calculate the change in threshold voltage, for every change in pH of the observed solution. pH sensitivity of the gels was further tested through the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy method, using a potentiostat and a three-electrode electrochemical cell. With a small excitation, the AC current flowing through the circuit at different frequencies were recorded and the plots discussed, to evaluate sensitivity to pH.

La tuberculose (TB) est une maladie transmise par l'air causée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) qui affecte habituellement les poumons, entraînant une toux sévère, de la fièvre et des douleurs thoraciques. En 2015, il a été estimé que plus de 9,6 millions de personnes dans le monde ont développé la tuberculose et que 1,5 millions sont morts de la maladie infectieuse dont 12% étaient co-infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). En 2016, les statistiques ont atteint un total de 1,7 million de personnes décédées de la tuberculose avec environ 10,4 millions de nouveaux cas de TB diagnostiqués dans le monde. Le développement de systèmes de mesures rapides et fiables, ultra-sensibles, bon marché et facilement disponibles est essentiel pour lutter contre la tuberculose (TB) et la tuberculose multirésistante. Ce travail est une étude sur la faisabilité d'une part d'immunocapteurs électrochimique utilisant un antigène spécifique de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B pour détecter la tuberculose et d'autre part de biocapteurs utilisant l'enzyme cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) pour détecter les médicaments antituberculeux dans le sérum ou l’eau.L'immunocapteur a été développé en adoptant la méthode ELISA indirecte qui a été utilisée pour la détection des anticorps IgG dans les tests ELISA IgG contre la tuberculose. Il a été réalisé en électrodéposant par voltamétrie cyclique (CV) d’abord de l'acide polyamique (PAA) sur une électrode de carbone vitreux (GCE) puis des antigènes recombinants de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B (Ag). Les électrodes modifiées ont été caractérisées par CV et SWV. Le profil de réponse de l'immunocapteur à des anticorps de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a été étudié par SWV et la réponse linéaire était dans une gamme de 0,3 à 1,6 mg / mL avec une limite de détection (LOD) de 0,08 mg / mL.D'autre part, deux plates-formes pour le développement de biocapteurs pour la détection de médicaments antituberculeux, l'éthambutol (ETH) et la rifampicine (RIF), ont également été préparées. L’une était un composite PAA/AgNPs (nanoparticules d’argent) déposé par goutte sur GCE pour former une plate-forme GCE/PAA/AgNPs. Alors que l'autre plate-forme (GCE/PPy/AgNPs) a été formée par électrodéposition de pyrrole en présence de nanoparticules d'argent (PPy + AgNPs) sur GCE en utilisant la chronopotentiométrie. Les plateformes GCE/PAA/AgNPs et GCE/PPy/AgNPs ont ensuite été caractérisées en utilisant la voltamétrie cyclique alors que leurs morphologies l’ont été par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) et microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). L'immobilisation de l'enzyme cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) sur les deux plates-formes a été réalisée par dépôt de gouttes. L'efficacité des biocapteurs GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 et GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 pour la détection de ETH et de RIF a été étudiée par DPV. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a été capable de détecter les médicaments antituberculeux à leur concentration sérique maximale (2 à 6 μg/mL). Alors que le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était capable de détecter l'ETH à des concentrations inférieures au taux sérique (2,5 ng/mL à 12,5 ng/mL). Par conséquent, le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a la capacité de détecter ETH même à l'état de traces dans les systèmes aqueux. Ainsi, le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a une limite inférieure de détection de l'ETH (0,75 ng/mL) par rapport au biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 (1,3 µg/mL). La sensibilité du biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 pour l'ETH était de 5 µA/ng.mL-1 alors que celle du biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était de 2,6 µA/µg.mL-1. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était le seul biocapteur capable de détecter le RIF avec une limite de détection de 7,5 µg/mL. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 convient à la détection de l'ETH et du RIF aux taux sériques et aux systèmes aqueux. Alors que le GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 ne convient que pour la détection des médicaments antituberculeux à des niveaux traces dans l'eau. / Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that usually affects the lungs leading to severe coughing, fever and chest pains. In 2015 it was estimated that over 9.6 million people worldwide developed TB and 1.5 million died from the infectious disease of which 12 % were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2016 the statistics increased to a total of 1.7 million people died from TB with an estimated 10.4 million new cases of TB diagnosed worldwide. The development of the fast and reliable point-of-care systems that are ultra-sensitive, cheap and readily available is essential in order to address and control the spread of the tuberculosis (TB) disease and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. This work is the feasibly study on one part on the development of electrochemical immunosensor using a specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B antigen to detect tuberculosis and on another part on the development of biosensors using cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) enzyme to detect anti-TB drugs in aqueous systems. The immunosensor was developed by adopting the indirect ELISA method which was used for the detection of the IgG antibodies using the tuberculosis IgG ELISA. The development of immunosensor was achieved using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with polyamic acid (PAA) in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant antigen Ag85B (Ag) was immobilized. PAA was electrodeposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The response profile of the immunosensor at Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies was studied by square wave voltammetry and the linear response was in a range of 0.3 to 1.6 mg/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.08 mg/mL. On the other hand, two platforms for the development of biosensors for the detection of ethambutol and rifampicin (anti-TB drugs) were also prepared. Two platforms were prepared whereby polyamic acid-silver nanoparticles composite (PAA/AgNPs) was drop-coated on GCE to form GCE/PAA/AgNPs platform. While the other platform (GCE/PPy/AgNPs) was formed by electrodeposition of polypyrrole-silver nanoparticles composite (PPy/AgNPs) on GCE using chronopotentiometry. The GCE/PAA/AgNPs and GCE/PPy/AgNPs platforms were then characterized using cyclic voltammetry while their morphologies were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The immobilization of cytochrome P450-2E1 enzyme (CYP2E1) on both platforms was achieved by means of drop coating. The efficiency of the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 and GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensors for the detection of ethambutol (ETH) and rifampicin (RIF) was studied by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was able to detect anti-TB drugs at their peak serum levels (2 – 6 µg/mL). Whereas the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was able to detect ethambutol at concentrations lower than the serum level (2.5 ng/mL to 12.5 ng/mL). Therefore, GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor has an ability to detect ethambutol even at trace levels in aqueous systems. Thus, the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor have lower limit of detecting ETH (0.75 ng/mL) than GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor (1.3 µg/mL). The sensitivity of GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor for ETH was 5 μA/ng.mL-1while the sensitivity of GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was 2.6 μA/μg.mL-1. The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was the only biosensor that was able to detect RIF with a limit of detection of 7.5 µg/mL. The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor is suitable for the detection of ETH and RIF at serum levels and aqueous systems. While the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 is suitable for only detecting anti-TB drugs at trace levels in water.

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This thesis focuses on the electrical output of polyaniline films subjected to uniaxial strain in hydrochloric acid solutions. Polyaniline belongs to novel class of materials known as conducting polymers. Alternating single and double bonds in the backbone of conducting polymers allow them to transmit electric charge when they are doped with negatively charged ions. Modifying the degree of doping and other electrical/chemical treatments allow conducting polymers to exhibit conducting, semi-conducting, or insulating electrical properties. Resilient mechanical properties, good processability, and low cost make conducting polymers good candidates for applications traditionally held by metals and semi-conductors. When tensile strain is applied to polyaniline in an electrolyte solution, the material selectively absorbs negatively charged ions. This charge imbalance produces a measurable electrical output. Theoretical models based on Fick’s second law of diffusion were compared against experimental results to determine fundamental material properties such as diffusivity and ion solubility in polyaniline. These properties were used to quantify polyaniline as a sensor material based on characteristics including sensitivity, accuracy, precision, range, linearity, and error. Films were cast from solutions of polyaniline powder (Mn = 65,000) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solvent, with thicknesses ranging from 2.72 to 158 µm.

<p dir="ltr">Nonconjugated radical polymers and small molecules are employed as electrically conducting materials in multiple organic electronic devices, including electrolyte-supported devices and solid-state electronic devices, because of their charge transport and redox-active properties. In fact, macromolecules with nonconjugated backbones and stable radical pendent groups can have impressive charge transport capabilities (i.e., thin-film conductivities of ~20 S m^-1) if proper molecular design principles are employed.</p><p dir="ltr">In the first part of this work, a polysiloxane-based polymer bearing galvinoxyl radical groups has been synthesized. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predicted that the spin delocalization behavior of the galvinoxyl group would result in a higher charge transfer rate compared with nitroxide radical systems. It is determined that the flexible backbone endowed the polymer with a glass transition temperature around 0 ℃, and this feature allowed the radical moieties to pack into conductive domains after thermal annealing. Furthermore, the conductivity of this radical polymer was quantified to be ~ 10^-1 S m^-1 after being cast into a thin film. Thus, these studies provide a strategy to direct molecular packing and facilitate charge transport in radical polymers with delocalized open-shell sites, which can aid in deciphering the charge transport mechanism in radical polymer thin films.</p><p dir="ltr">In the second part of this work, the charge transport and the magnetic properties of several nitroxide radical-based small molecules have been studied because 1) despite the success of nonconjugated radical polymers as solid-state charge conductors, the charge transport properties of nonconjugated open-shell small molecules have received less attention despite the fact that studying small molecule systems can facilitate the development of macromolecular radical conductors; 2) the unpaired electrons on these materials provide a means by which to respond to magnetic fields, making these materials promising candidates for organic magnets. Motivated by the need to develop open-shell small molecule materials, we quantify the electrical conductivity and magnetic properties in organic radical single crystals. Through proper molecular engineering of functional groups, we synthesized and crystallized a nitroxide radical-based material that has a single-crystal electrical conductivity of ~3 S m^-1, which is the highest values over 1 µm-scale for nonconjugated organic materials reported to date. Furthermore, we manipulate the molecular packing of the nitroxide radical molecules in the single crystals by introducing alkyl chains to the molecular structures. As a result, a strong antiferromagnetic ordering is obtained in the crystals with a Néel temperature of 40 K. In conclusion, new open-shell materials are developed with excellent charge transport capabilities and strong magnetic properties. This effort provides clear insights into designing the next-generation organic radical electrical conductors and magnetic materials.</p>

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No description available.