L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une modélisation du rayonnement thermique dans un réacteur nucléaire au cours d'un accident grave conduisant à la dégradation des crayons combustibles. Un réacteur étant refroidi par de l'eau, le rayonnement se fait en présence de vapeur et de gouttes d'eau. Le modèle de rayonnement est construit à partir d'expériences de dégradation de crayons fossiles, réalisées sur le réacteur expérimental PHEBUS.Les configurations géométriques accidentelles de grappes de 21 crayons dégradés ont pu être caractérisées en trois dimensions à partir d'images issues de tomographies. Les propriétés radiatives homogénéisées de ces configurations ont été complètement caractérisées à partir de la fonction de distribution cumulée d'extinction Gext et de la fonction de phase de diffusion p. Ces fonctions ont été précisément calculées par une méthode de Monte Carlo. Gext, qui n'est pas de type exponentiel, ne suit pas la loi de Beer. p dépend fortement des angles d'incidence et de diffusion. A partir de l'équation de transfert radiatif généralisée à des milieux non Beeriens, introduite par Taine et al., un tenseur des conductivités radiatives a été déterminé par une méthode de perturbations, en supposant dans une première étape la phase fluide transparente. Les conductivités radiatives axiales et radiales ont été exprimées avec précision en fonction de la porosité, de la surface spécifique et de l'absorptivité locale du milieu poreux. Dans une deuxième étape, une équation de transfert radiatif à trois températures a été établie. Dans ce modèle, les effets de la phase fluide sur le rayonnement ont été couplés aux effets des parois. Les propriétés radiatives de la vapeur et des gouttes d'eau sont calculées en utilisant respectivement le modèle CK et la théorie de Mie, dans les conditions thermohydrauliques typiques des accidents de réacteur. Les flux radiatifs s'expriment en fonction de flux conductifs couplés caractérisés par des conductivités radiatives associées aux champs de températures de chaque phase. Les puissances volumiques échangées par rayonnement entre les phases sont aussi calculées à partir de ce modèle. / This work aims at modelling thermal radiation in a nuclear reactor, in the course of a severe accident leading to its degradation. Because the reactor coolant is water, radiative heat transfer occurs in presence of steam and water droplets. The 3D geometry of a fuel bundle with 21 damaged rods has been characterized from tomography images. The degradation of the rods has been simulated in the experimental small-scale facility PHEBUS.The homogenized radiative properties of the considered configurations with a transparent fluid phase have been completely characterized by both the extinction cumulated distribution function Gext and the scattering phase functions p. Gext strongly differs from the exponential function associated with the Beer law and p strongly depends on both the incidence and the scattering directions. By using the radiative transfer equation generalized for non Beerian porous media by Taine et al. the radiative conductivity tensor has been first determined with a transparent fluid phase, by a numerical perturbation method. Only the diagonal radial and axial components of this tensor are not equal to zero. They have been fitted by a simple law only depending on the porosity, the specific area and the wall absorptivity. In a second step, a radiative transfer equation based on three temperatures is established. This model takes into account a semi transparent fluid phase by coupling the radiative properties of fluid and solid phases. The radiative properties of water steam and droplets are calculated respectively with the CK approach and Mie theory, in typical thermal hydraulics conditions of reactor accidents. The radiative fluxes verify the Fourier law and are characterized by radiative coupled conductivity tensors associated with the temperatures of each phase. The radiative powers exchanged between phases per unit volume are also calculated from this model.

A finite element (FE) model for the generation of single fiber action potentials (SFAPs) in a muscle undergoing various degrees of fiber shortening has been developed. The muscle is assumed to be fusiform with muscle fibers following a curvilinear path described by a Gaussian function. Different degrees of fiber shortening are simulated by changing the parameters of the fiber path and maintaining the volume of the muscle constant. The conductivity tensor is adapted to the muscle fiber orientation. At each point of the volume conductor, the conductivity of the muscle tissue in the direction of the fiber is larger than that in the transversal direction. Thus, the conductivity tensor changes point-by-point with fiber shortening, adapting to the fiber paths. An analytical derivation of the conductivity tensor is provided. The volume conductor is then studied with an FE approach using the analytically derived conductivity tensor (Mesin, Joubert, Hanekom, Merletti&Farina 2006). Representative simulations of SFAPs with the muscle at different degrees of shortening are presented. It is shown that the geometrical changes in the muscle, which imply changes in the conductivity tensor, determine important variations in action potential shape, thus affecting its amplitude and frequency content. The model is expanded to include the simulation of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs). Expanding the model was done by assigning each single fiber (SF) in the motor unit (MU) a random starting position chosen from a normal distribution. For the model 300 SFs are included in an MU, with an innervation zone spread of 12 mm. Only spatial distribution was implemented. Conduction velocity (CV) was the same for all fibers of the MU. Representative simulations for the MUAPs with the muscle at different degrees of shortening are presented. The influence of interelectrode distance and angular displacement are also investigated as well as the influence of the inclusion of the conductivity tensor. It has been found that the interpretation of surface electromyography during movement or joint angle change is complicated owing to geometrical artefacts i.e. the shift of the electrodes relative to the muscle fibers and also because of the changes in the conductive properties of the tissue separating the electrode from the muscle fibers. Detection systems and electrode placement should be chosen with care. The model provides a new tool for interpreting surface electromyography (sEMG) signal features with changes in muscle geometry, as happens during dynamic contractions. / Dissertation (MEng (Bio-Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng (Bio-Engineering) / unrestricted