Siendo el objetivo del estudio identificar las variantes de la posición del nervio dentario inferior en relación a los ápices de los molares mediante estudio tomográfico cone beam; se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo en pacientes que acudieron al Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño a los servicios de Cirugía Oral y Máxilo Facial en edades que oscilan entre 15 y 17 años, registrados desde enero 2012 hasta julio del 2014, se seleccionó 30 pacientes por el método probabilístico de muestreo por cuotas. Los resultados de 30 tomografias revisadas (59 hemiarcadas), fueron: _ 24 hemiarcadas presentan posición vestibular, lo que representa el 40,7%; _ 16 hemiarcadas presentan posición apical, lo que representa 27,1% _ 19 hemiarcadas presentan posición lingual, lo que representa 32,2%. La variante de posición del nervio dentario inferior – ápice de los molares más prevalente es la posición vestibular con un 40,7% del total de muestras.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an imaging technique used in conjunction with radiation therapy. CBCT is used to verify the position of tumours just prior to radiation treatment session. The accuracy of the radiation treatment of thoracic and upper abdominal tumours is heavily affected by respiratory movement. Blurring artefacts, due to the movement during a CBCT scanning, cause misregistration between the CBCT image and the planning image. There has been growing interest in the use of motion-compensated CBCT for correcting the breathing-induced artefacts. A wide range of iterative reconstruction methods have been developed for CBCT imaging. The direct motion compensation technique has been applied to algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), simultaneous ART (SART), ordered-subset SART (OS-SART) and conjugate gradient least squares (CGLS). In this thesis a dual modality imaging of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and CBCT is proposed for the first time. This novel dual modality imaging uses the advantages of high temporal resolution of EIT imaging and high spatial resolution of the CBCT method. The main objective of this study is to combine CBCT with EIT imaging system for motion-compensated CBCT using experimental and computational phantoms. The EIT images were used for extracting motion for a motion-compensated CBCT imaging system. A simple motion extraction technique is used for extracting motion data from the low spatial resolution EIT images. This motion data is suitable for input into the direct motion-compensated CBCT. The performance of iterative algorithms for motion compensation was also studied. The dual modality CBCT-EIT is verified using experimental EIT system and computational CBCT phantom data.

Introduction: Increasing the imaging demand in the dental field has lead to a dramatic increase in the number of CBCT machines in the U.S. market with a variety of new models and features, as well as different radiation exposures. These differences in exposure among the different CBCT machines and the potential for radiation accumulation over a life time are major concerns for aiming for a reduction in patients’ radiation exposure. Most of the studies have aimed to measure the radiation dose in different CBCT units with different field of views. Up to date, few studies have aimed to measure the radiation dose in different CBCT devices with similar fields of view. The aim of the study was to compare the dosimetry levels with relatively small FOV in different scan protocols in two CBCT units. Materials and methods: A 16-cm diameter PMMA phantom with 10-cm pencil ionization chamber were used to measure the radiation exposure from two CBCT devices: i-CAT FLX and CS9000. A smallest FOV in both CBCT (8 x 8 cm in the i-CAT FLX and 5 x 3.7 cm in the CS9000) was selected at different scan protocols. The scan settings included in the i-CAT FLX HD (120 kVp; 5 mA; 7.4 sec; 0.125, 0.250, 0.200 mm voxel sizes; 360° rotation) Quick HD (120 kVp; 5 mA; 4.1 sec; 0.200, 0.250 mm voxel sizes; 180° rotation), Quick+ (90 kVp; 3 mA; 2 sec; 0.300, 0.400 mm voxel sizes; 180° rotation) , Quick (120 kVp; 5 mA; 2 sec; 0.300, 0.400 mm voxel sizes; 180° rotation), and standard scans (120 kVp; 5 mA; 3.7 sec; 0.300, 0.400 mm voxel sizes; 360° rotation). In the CS9000 scan settings included voxel sizes (CS9000: 0.076 mm, 0.100 mm, and 0.200 mm), 80 kVp, 10 mA, 10.8 sec, and 360° rotation. The phantom was exposed three times at the same position to calculate the average measurement of dose by the ionization chamber. All the radiation exposure doses were read by one examiner. Results: The radiation exposure of the phantom slots in different resolutions and scan protocols in the both CBCT units ranged from 4.31 to 60.73 mR. There were statistically significant differences in radiation value between i-CAT FLX and CS9000 due to voxel size (P < 0.001). Each voxel size was significantly different from the other in both scanners, except between CS9000 0.076 and HD 0.125; CS9000 0.200 and HD 0.125; and CS9000 0.100 and HD 0.200. Also, there were no statistically significant differences between the voxel size within the same scan protocols in the i-CAT FLX, especially the Quick HD, Quick+, Quick, and Standard scans. Conclusion: The selection of x-ray parameters (mainly scan time), voxel size, and rotation angle have a significant radiation expsoure reduction in both the i-CAT FLX and CS9000 units and hence should be appropriately selected to minimize the radiation dose.

Introduction: Salivary gland obstructive conditions are common and may necessitate imaging of the glands for diagnosis and management purposes. Many imaging options are available but all have limitations. Sialography is considered the gold standard for examining obstructive conditions of the parotid and submandibular glands but it is largely influenced by the imaging technique to which it is coupled. Cone beam computed tomography (cbCT) is a relatively new and very promising imaging modality that has overcome many of the inherent limitations of other imaging modalities used in the past for sialography. Materials and methods: A RANDO®Man imaging phantom was used to determine the effective radiation doses from the series of plain film images that represent the current standard of practice for sialography. Similar experiments were then undertaken to determine the effective radiation doses from cbCT when varying the field-of-view (FOV) size and center, x-ray tube peak kilovoltage (kVp) and milliamperage (mA). Next, cbCT image quality, measured using the signal-difference-to-noise-ratio (SDNR) was used to determine those technical factors that optimized image quality. Finally, using the optimized image acquisition parameters, a prospective clinical study was conducted to test the diagnostic efficacy of cbCT sialography compared to plain film sialography. Results: Effective radiation doses were comparable between the plain film image series and cbCT examinations of the parotid and submandibular glands when a 6” FOV was chosen, and when the x-ray tube was operating at 80 kVp and 10 mA. We also found that these exposure settings optimized the image SDNR. Finally, we demonstrated that the diagnostic capabilities of cbCT sialography were superior to plain film sialography with regards to detecting sialoliths and strictures, and when differentiating normal salivary glands from those with changes secondary to inflammation. Conclusion: We have successfully developed a three dimensional (3D) sialography technique for imaging the parotid and submandibular salivary glands using cbCT that balances radiation effective dose with image quality. We also demonstrated the superior diagnostic capabilities of the new technique in a clinical setting.

Introduction: Salivary gland obstructive conditions are common and may necessitate imaging of the glands for diagnosis and management purposes. Many imaging options are available but all have limitations. Sialography is considered the gold standard for examining obstructive conditions of the parotid and submandibular glands but it is largely influenced by the imaging technique to which it is coupled. Cone beam computed tomography (cbCT) is a relatively new and very promising imaging modality that has overcome many of the inherent limitations of other imaging modalities used in the past for sialography. Materials and methods: A RANDO®Man imaging phantom was used to determine the effective radiation doses from the series of plain film images that represent the current standard of practice for sialography. Similar experiments were then undertaken to determine the effective radiation doses from cbCT when varying the field-of-view (FOV) size and center, x-ray tube peak kilovoltage (kVp) and milliamperage (mA). Next, cbCT image quality, measured using the signal-difference-to-noise-ratio (SDNR) was used to determine those technical factors that optimized image quality. Finally, using the optimized image acquisition parameters, a prospective clinical study was conducted to test the diagnostic efficacy of cbCT sialography compared to plain film sialography. Results: Effective radiation doses were comparable between the plain film image series and cbCT examinations of the parotid and submandibular glands when a 6” FOV was chosen, and when the x-ray tube was operating at 80 kVp and 10 mA. We also found that these exposure settings optimized the image SDNR. Finally, we demonstrated that the diagnostic capabilities of cbCT sialography were superior to plain film sialography with regards to detecting sialoliths and strictures, and when differentiating normal salivary glands from those with changes secondary to inflammation. Conclusion: We have successfully developed a three dimensional (3D) sialography technique for imaging the parotid and submandibular salivary glands using cbCT that balances radiation effective dose with image quality. We also demonstrated the superior diagnostic capabilities of the new technique in a clinical setting.

Thesis (MSD) --Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 2015 (Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics). / Includes bibliographic references: leaves 37-42. / Background: Craniofacial skeletal asymmetry is a common finding in the general population that often goes undetected. Interest in this topic has led to many studies aimed at describing this type of asymmetry, its distribution and etioIogy. The cranial base, being cIosely related to the face and brain, is a key component in craniofacial growth and may also display varying amounts of asymmetry contributing to this anomaly. Though many studies have explored underlying skeletal asymmetry, most of them were limited by their two-dimensional method of investigation. With the advent of three-dimensional technology, more recent studies have had the advantage of studying the cranial base in its true anatomic form, resulting in greater accuracy of analysis. Despite access to this technoIogy, there is still a lack of literature regarding the cranial base in a normal population. Determining average skull base dimensions will provide a set of normative data that can be used as a reference for future studies. Material and Methods: Pre-treatment Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) films of 160 esthetic human subjects previously used by another investigator were screened for use in our current research. These DICOM files were imported into InVivoDental5.3 software (Anatomage[TM]; San Jose, Calif.) for screening and 70 CBCT scans were selected for analysis. All patients were classified as cervical vertebral stage 4 and above. The images were oriented in all three planes of space for uniformity and 14 bilateral anatomic landmarks were identified on each scan. A mid-sagittal reference plane was created using crista galli as the origin, and extending a perpendicular passing through the middle of the right and left clinoid points connected by a line, and through posterior points basion and opisthion. Each landmark was given an x-, y- and z- coordinate representing its three dimensional position and bilateral linear measurements to the reference plane were recorded using the software system. Statistical Analysis: InVivoDental5.3 software was used to calculate linear distances between each landmark and the mid-sagittal plane. This data was exported into Microsoft excel for analysis. Descriptive statistics of our sample and paired t-tests with a 5% significance level, or p value of 0.05, were performed. Results: The means of the right and left measurements of each bilateral landmark were calculated along with their standard deviations. A comparison between right and left means was accomplished with the use of paired t-tests. 12 1andmarks did not show a statistical difference in their locations on either side of the mid-sagittal plane. However, the means of 2 landmarks were found to be statistically significant. These were euryon (p = 0.01) and the jugular foramen (p = 0.00) Conclusion: The overall trend of our data indicated that the cranial base in a normal population, without craniofacial anomaly, displays symmetry, with the exception of the location of euryon and the jugular foramen. These findings are in accordance with those of similar three-dimensional studies. It is likely that the significant findings were due to tracing error, given the indiscrete location of euryon and the large, relatively asymmetric shape of the jugular foramen. However, if these structures are truly asymmetric, we can infer from our sample of symmetric patients, that there is no clinical relevance. Further studies with an increased sample size, additional landmarks or a more discrete sample can be performed to continue describing the skull base. The results of this study offer valuable reference data that can be used as a baseline for future studies.

We extend an efficient cone beam transform inversion formula, proposed earlier for helices, to a general class of curves. The conditions that describe the class are very natural. Curves C are smooth, without self-intersections, have positive curvature and torsion, do not bend too much in a certain sense, and do not admit lines which are tangent to C at one point and intersect C at another point. A domain U is found where reconstruction is possible with a filtered backprojection type algorithm. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate very good image quality. The algorithm developed is useful for image reconstruction in computerized tomography.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar os níveis de referência de radiodiagnóstico para a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico odontológica e as características de desempenho dos equipamentos como quilovoltaqgem de pico, rendimento, camada semirredutora, etc., com o intuito de conhecer os níveis dosimétricos em que os pacientes estão expostos, permitindo assim identificar protocolos de aquisição de imagem mais adequados, levando-se em consideração os princípios de radioproteção, e também testar a capacidade de tais equipamentos em alcançar uma imagem de qualidade. A Cone Beam Computed Tomography tem se tornado ferramenta extremamente útil na utilização em procedimentos radiológicos na área odontológica, pois, a riqueza de informações que a imagem 3D trás para o planejamento cirúrgico ou em qualquer procedimento, minimiza as possibilidades de erros, possibilita diagnósticos mais confiáveis e claros, tendo influência direta no resultado final esperado pelo paciente. Por se tratar de uma técnica de imagem que utiliza radiação ionizante, deve-se ter uma atenção criteriosa voltada para os níveis de radiação, além de implementar uma rotina de controle de qualidade. O parâmetro dosimétrico mais utilizado em tomografia computadorizada é o Computed Tomography Dose Index, porém, quando aplicado à tomografia odontológica, a geometria cônica do feixe e ainda a extensão do campo de visão tornam essa grandeza inviável e enganosa, assim, faz-se necessária a padronização de uma grandeza dosimétrica mais otimizada, para evitar a subestimação dos níveis de dose em feixes de ampla abrangência. O PKA tem sido utilizado como uma possível grandeza dosimétrica em tomografia odontológica, uma vez que em sua metodologia de medida, todo o feixe é englobado pelo medidor, não depende da distância fonte - detector, além de ser sensível aos parâmetros de exposição. Diante disso, propõe-se o PKA ser utilizado para estabelecimento dos níveis de dose de referência em diagnóstico odontológico. Os valores PKA obtidos para este estudo estão em uma faixa entre 34,6 mGy.cm^2 e 2901,6 mGy.cm^2, com valor médio de 980,7 mGy.cm^2. Os valores encontrados para os níveis de referência de radiodiagnóstico calculados a partir do 3º quartil estão divididos em três classes referentes ao tamanho do campo de visão, onde para campos pequenos, médios e grandes os valores são 1241 mGy.cm^2, 1521 mGy.cm^2 e 1408 mGy.cm^2 respectivamente, e 1446 mGy.cm^2 é o valor global independente do campo de visão. Os testes de controle de qualidade foram todos positivos, com uma atenção para o i-CAT FLX, que excedeu levemente o limite aceitável para a exatidão do kVp. Uma comparação entre CTDI100 e CTDI300, reportou que o CTDI300 é em média 49% maior em relação ao CTI100. Os níveis de referência de radiodiagnóstico são representativos dos níveis de dose otimizados, e servem como base para adequação e otimização dos parâmetros de exposição do equipamento. Os testes de controle de qualidade alertam para possíveis irregularidades no funcionamento do tomógrafo, e deve complementar obrigatoriamente a rotina dos procedimentos clínicos. / The objectives of this study are to characterize the radiodiagnostic reference levels for computed tomography of dental cones and as performance characteristics of equipment such as peak kyvoltage, yield, semi-reducing layer, etc., in order to know the levels of the values in that users are exposed, thus allowing to identify more adequate image acquisition protocols, taking in basic concepts of radioprotection, and also to test the capacity of such equipment in a quality image. The Cone Beam CT scan has become active, useful in medical, medical, dental, on the Internet, in any situation, minimizes as possibilities of errors, allows for more reliable and clear diagnoses, having a direct influence on the final result expected by the patient. Because it is an imaging technique that uses ionizing radiation, careful attention should be given to radiation levels, in addition to implementing a quality control routine. The dosimetric parameter most commonly used in computed tomography is the Computed tomography dose index, however, when applied to dental tomography, the conic geometry of the beam and still the extension of the field of view make this greatness unfeasible and deceptive, so it is done The. standardization of a more optimized dosimetric quantity, to avoid an underestimation of the dose levels in beams of wide range. The PKA has been used as a possible dosimetric magnitude in dental tomography, since in its measurement methodology, the whole beam is encompassed by the meter, it does not depend on the source - detector distance, besides being sensitive to the exposure parameters. Therefore, it is proposed that PKA be used for the establishment of reference dose levels in dental diagnosis. The PKA values obtained for this study ranged from 34.6 mGy.cm^2 to 2901.6 mGy.cm^2, with a mean value of 980.7 mGy.cm^2. The values found for the levels of radiodiagnostic reference values calculated from the 3rd quartile are divided into three classes referring to the size of the field of vision, where for small, medium and large fields are the values are 1241 mGy.cm^2, 1521 mGy.cm^2 and 1408 mGy.cm^2 respectively, and 1446 mGy.cm^2 is the global independent value of the field of view. The quality control tests were all positive, with an attention to the i-CAT FLX, which slightly exceeded the acceptable limit for kVp accuracy. A face between CTDI100 and CTDI300, reported that the CTDI300 is on average 49% higher than the CTI100. Radiodiagnostic reference levels are representative of optimized dose levels and serve as a basis for adequacy and optimization of the exposure parameters of the equipment. The quality control tests alert to possible irregularities in the operation of the tomograph, and develop properly from the clinical process.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar os níveis de referência de radiodiagnóstico para a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico odontológica e as características de desempenho dos equipamentos como quilovoltaqgem de pico, rendimento, camada semirredutora, etc., com o intuito de conhecer os níveis dosimétricos em que os pacientes estão expostos, permitindo assim identificar protocolos de aquisição de imagem mais adequados, levando-se em consideração os princípios de radioproteção, e também testar a capacidade de tais equipamentos em alcançar uma imagem de qualidade. A Cone Beam Computed Tomography tem se tornado ferramenta extremamente útil na utilização em procedimentos radiológicos na área odontológica, pois, a riqueza de informações que a imagem 3D trás para o planejamento cirúrgico ou em qualquer procedimento, minimiza as possibilidades de erros, possibilita diagnósticos mais confiáveis e claros, tendo influência direta no resultado final esperado pelo paciente. Por se tratar de uma técnica de imagem que utiliza radiação ionizante, deve-se ter uma atenção criteriosa voltada para os níveis de radiação, além de implementar uma rotina de controle de qualidade. O parâmetro dosimétrico mais utilizado em tomografia computadorizada é o Computed Tomography Dose Index, porém, quando aplicado à tomografia odontológica, a geometria cônica do feixe e ainda a extensão do campo de visão tornam essa grandeza inviável e enganosa, assim, faz-se necessária a padronização de uma grandeza dosimétrica mais otimizada, para evitar a subestimação dos níveis de dose em feixes de ampla abrangência. O PKA tem sido utilizado como uma possível grandeza dosimétrica em tomografia odontológica, uma vez que em sua metodologia de medida, todo o feixe é englobado pelo medidor, não depende da distância fonte - detector, além de ser sensível aos parâmetros de exposição. Diante disso, propõe-se o PKA ser utilizado para estabelecimento dos níveis de dose de referência em diagnóstico odontológico. Os valores PKA obtidos para este estudo estão em uma faixa entre 34,6 mGy.cm^2 e 2901,6 mGy.cm^2, com valor médio de 980,7 mGy.cm^2. Os valores encontrados para os níveis de referência de radiodiagnóstico calculados a partir do 3º quartil estão divididos em três classes referentes ao tamanho do campo de visão, onde para campos pequenos, médios e grandes os valores são 1241 mGy.cm^2, 1521 mGy.cm^2 e 1408 mGy.cm^2 respectivamente, e 1446 mGy.cm^2 é o valor global independente do campo de visão. Os testes de controle de qualidade foram todos positivos, com uma atenção para o i-CAT FLX, que excedeu levemente o limite aceitável para a exatidão do kVp. Uma comparação entre CTDI100 e CTDI300, reportou que o CTDI300 é em média 49% maior em relação ao CTI100. Os níveis de referência de radiodiagnóstico são representativos dos níveis de dose otimizados, e servem como base para adequação e otimização dos parâmetros de exposição do equipamento. Os testes de controle de qualidade alertam para possíveis irregularidades no funcionamento do tomógrafo, e deve complementar obrigatoriamente a rotina dos procedimentos clínicos. / The objectives of this study are to characterize the radiodiagnostic reference levels for computed tomography of dental cones and as performance characteristics of equipment such as peak kyvoltage, yield, semi-reducing layer, etc., in order to know the levels of the values in that users are exposed, thus allowing to identify more adequate image acquisition protocols, taking in basic concepts of radioprotection, and also to test the capacity of such equipment in a quality image. The Cone Beam CT scan has become active, useful in medical, medical, dental, on the Internet, in any situation, minimizes as possibilities of errors, allows for more reliable and clear diagnoses, having a direct influence on the final result expected by the patient. Because it is an imaging technique that uses ionizing radiation, careful attention should be given to radiation levels, in addition to implementing a quality control routine. The dosimetric parameter most commonly used in computed tomography is the Computed tomography dose index, however, when applied to dental tomography, the conic geometry of the beam and still the extension of the field of view make this greatness unfeasible and deceptive, so it is done The. standardization of a more optimized dosimetric quantity, to avoid an underestimation of the dose levels in beams of wide range. The PKA has been used as a possible dosimetric magnitude in dental tomography, since in its measurement methodology, the whole beam is encompassed by the meter, it does not depend on the source - detector distance, besides being sensitive to the exposure parameters. Therefore, it is proposed that PKA be used for the establishment of reference dose levels in dental diagnosis. The PKA values obtained for this study ranged from 34.6 mGy.cm^2 to 2901.6 mGy.cm^2, with a mean value of 980.7 mGy.cm^2. The values found for the levels of radiodiagnostic reference values calculated from the 3rd quartile are divided into three classes referring to the size of the field of vision, where for small, medium and large fields are the values are 1241 mGy.cm^2, 1521 mGy.cm^2 and 1408 mGy.cm^2 respectively, and 1446 mGy.cm^2 is the global independent value of the field of view. The quality control tests were all positive, with an attention to the i-CAT FLX, which slightly exceeded the acceptable limit for kVp accuracy. A face between CTDI100 and CTDI300, reported that the CTDI300 is on average 49% higher than the CTI100. Radiodiagnostic reference levels are representative of optimized dose levels and serve as a basis for adequacy and optimization of the exposure parameters of the equipment. The quality control tests alert to possible irregularities in the operation of the tomograph, and develop properly from the clinical process.

Resumo: O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças no espaço aéreo faríngeo em crianças com diferentes padrões faciais. Foram avaliadas as tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico de 98 indivíduos em crescimento, com idade média de 8,9 anos, divididas por sexo e faixa etária, e subdivididas de acordo com o padrão de crescimento (horizontal, vertical normal e produtores) e tipo de má oclusão (Classe I e Classe II). Utilizando um programa tridimensional, foram analisados o volume, área sagital, menor área de seção transversal e as dimensões ântero-posteriores da faringe superior e inferior. As dimensões ântero-posterior da faringe superior e inferior foi significativamente menor em indivíduos com Classe II em crianças na faixa etária entre 9 a 11 anos e a faringe superior em foi significativamente menor em crianças na faixa etária entre 5 e 7 anos com padrão de crescimento vertical. Porém, quando a faringe foi avaliada tridimensionalmente, não foram encontradas diferenças nas demais dimensões sugerindo que diferenças no padrão vertical e no tipo de má oclusão ântero-posterior (Classe I e II) não influenciam as dimensões da faringe. Não foi encontrado dimorfismo sexual. A região de maior constrição da faringe esteve presente mais freqüentemente na orofaringe (86%). Embora as dimensões lineares possam variar entre os diferentes padrões faciais, quando avaliadas tridimensionalmente, elas não foram influenciadas pelas diferentes morfologias faciais / Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the differences in pharyngeal airway space in children with different facial patterns. Cone-beam computed tomography records of 98 growing patients with mean age of 8.9 years divided by sex and age groups and subdivided according to growth pattern (horizontal, normal and vertical growers) and type of malloclusion (Class I and Class II) were evaluated .Using a 3-dimensional virtual program the volume, sagital area, smallest cross section area, anteroposterior dimensions of superior and inferior pharynx were obtained. The anteroposterior linear dimensions of superior and inferior pharynx in children with 9 to11 years was significant smaller in patients with Class II relationship but in 3D evaluation differences were not found suggesting that anteroposterior malocclusion do not influence pharynx dimensions. The anteroposterior linear dimensions of superior , pharynx in children with 5 to7 years was significant smaller in patients with vertical growth pattern when compared to normal growers, but in 3D evaluation differences were not found suggesting that vertical pattern do not influence pharynx dimensions. No sexual dimorphism was found. The most constricted region of pharynx were mostly found at oropharynx(96%).Although linear dimensions can vary among different facial patterns, the 3-dimensional dimensions weren't influenced by different facial morphologies / Orientador: Luiz Cesar de Moraes / Coorientador: Weber José da Silva Ursi / Banca: Jefferson Luis OshiroTanaka / Banca: Edmundo Medici Filho / Mestre