Circular source and detector trajectories in cone-beam computed tomography (CT) are known to collect insufficient data for accurate object reconstruction. One model predicts that the lacking information corresponds to a shift-variant cone of missing spatial frequency components in the local Fourier domain. These predictions were experimentally verified by imaging small, localized objects and observing their Fourier transforms. Measurements indicated that the internal angle of the ‘missing cone’ varies as the angle of locally intersecting x rays with respect to the horizontal plane, as expected. Object recovery was also found to depend greatly on the distribution of the object’s frequency spectrum relative to the missing cone, as predicted. Findings agreed with more anatomically relevant phantoms, which showed preferential intensity discrepancies at gradients oriented within or near the missing cone. Methods for artefact correction are in general limited to approximation unless a priori information is incorporated.

Master of Science in Dentistry / Objectives: The aims of this study were: • to evaluate the exact level of the mandibular canal using Cone Beam Volumetric Tomography (CBVT) using measurements taken on images from the NewTom3G and i-CAT machines and manually • to determine the course of the mandibular canal in the regions of the first, second , and third molars • to compare the course of the mandibular canals bilaterally • to compare variables measured between the CBVT and panoramic units • to determine appropriate positions for the implant placement at the region of the mandibular molars in relation to the mandibular canal. Methods: Ten mandibles were selected, including seven edentulous and three dentate ones. They were marked at four positions from the distal border of the mental foramina in the posterior direction at intervals of 10.00 mm. On each dry mandible, at four sites namely M0, M1, M2, and M3, Gutta Percha (GP) points, known as markers, were attached to the mandible so that they were parallel to the midline of the mandible on both buccal and lingual sides. On the NewTom 3G and i-CAT, variables of cross-sectional images were measured from the alveolar crest of the mandible to the superior border of the mandibular canal (AC); the lingual rim of the canal to the lingual margin of the mandible (LC); the buccal rim of the canal to the buccal margin of the mandible (BC); the inferior rim of the canal to the lower border of the mandible (IC), and from the lingual margin to the buccal margin of the mandible (BW: Bone Width). Dry mandibles were subsequently sacrificed by cutting at the four marked sites. On each cross-section of mandibles, distances AC, BC, LC, IC, and BW were measured using a caliper as the manual measurement. IC distances on a conventional OrthophosIII panoramic machine were also measured to compare with the CBVT. Data were managed by Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and transferred to the software of Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 for Windows for analysis. Data were presented as Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), and Mean Difference, and Standard Error of Mean (SEM) with decimal at 0.00. T-test and One-way ANOVA were used to analyse variables measured in which T-test was used to analyse variables with paired samples and One-way ANOVA was used with adjustment for multiple comparisons of Bonferroni. Statistical significance has an assumed P- value of 0.05 or less. Results: The findings showed that there was no significant difference among measured variables from the NewTom 3G, i-CAT and manual measurement (P>0.05). There was significant statistical difference between the Orthophos OPG machine and CBVT system (P=0.00<0.05). There was no significant difference in the course of the mandibular canals bilaterally (P>0.05). On average, Distances AC, BC, LC, and IC were obtained for reference purposes. The bone width of the mandible on the right side was slightly different from that on the left side. Conclusions: The findings implied CBVT was an accurate diagnostic tool for locating the course of the mandibular canal and for placing dental implants in the region of the mandibular molars. The course of the mandibular canal on the left and right sides was variable. The distances measured at the region of the first, second, and third mandibular molars should be considered as a valuable reference. The bone width of the mandible on the right and left sides was slightly different. The accuracy of the NewTom3G and i-CAT was superior to the panoramic Orthophos machine. However, a panoramic radiograph is still valuable in the daily dental clinic.

Thesis (M.S.) --University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at San Antonio, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 88 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-66).

Dissertation (Ph.D.) --University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at San Antonio, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

A possibilidade de exploração das imagens oferecida pela tomografia computadorizada cone beam (TCCB) permite investigações mais detalhadas do paciente. Este estudo, empregando alguns destes recursos, se propôs a comparar medidas cefalométricas realizadas sobre telerradiografias convencionais e reconstruções de perfil total e unilaterais obtidas da TCCB. Análises cefalométricas de 30 pacientes foram realizadas por um examinador calibrado sobre as reconstruções da TCCB e as telerradiografias convencionais. A reprodutibilidade dos fatores cefalométricos foi investigada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse em cada imagem. O método de Bland-Altman foi utilizado para averiguar a performance diagnóstica de cada imagem em relação às medidas de cada fator cefalométrico. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse evidenciou semelhança de reprodutibilidade entre os exames. Quando os valores dos fatores cefalométricos foram comparados, observou-se forte concordância diagnóstica entre as mensurações realizadas sobre telerradiografias convencionais e imagens reconstruídas por TCCB. Conclui-se que, em pacientes sem assimetrias faciais importantes, a telerradiografia convencional e as reconstruções total e unilaterais a partir da TCCB oferecem desempenho de reprodutibilidade e resultado de análise cefalométrica semelhantes. / The possibility to explore images afforded by the cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) technique allows investigating patients in more detail. The present study uses some of these resources to compare cephalometric measurements obtained from conventional cephalograms and total and half-skull synthesized cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) cephalograms. Cephalometric analyses of 30 clinically symmetric patients; were conducted by a calibrated examiner on conventional and CBCTsynthesized cephalograms. Reproducibility was investigated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the agreement of the measurements from each factor obtained by conventional, total, right and left CBCT-synthesized cephalograms. The intraclass correlation coefficient revealed similar levels of reproducibility. When the measurements obtained from conventional and CBCT-synthesized cephalograms were compared, the Bland-Altman analysis showed a strong agreement between them. Half-skull CBCT-synthesized cephalograms offer the same diagnostic performance and equivalent reproducibility in terms of cephalometric analysis as observed in conventional and total CBCT-synthesized cephalograms.

A possibilidade de exploração das imagens oferecida pela tomografia computadorizada cone beam (TCCB) permite investigações mais detalhadas do paciente. Este estudo, empregando alguns destes recursos, se propôs a comparar medidas cefalométricas realizadas sobre telerradiografias convencionais e reconstruções de perfil total e unilaterais obtidas da TCCB. Análises cefalométricas de 30 pacientes foram realizadas por um examinador calibrado sobre as reconstruções da TCCB e as telerradiografias convencionais. A reprodutibilidade dos fatores cefalométricos foi investigada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse em cada imagem. O método de Bland-Altman foi utilizado para averiguar a performance diagnóstica de cada imagem em relação às medidas de cada fator cefalométrico. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse evidenciou semelhança de reprodutibilidade entre os exames. Quando os valores dos fatores cefalométricos foram comparados, observou-se forte concordância diagnóstica entre as mensurações realizadas sobre telerradiografias convencionais e imagens reconstruídas por TCCB. Conclui-se que, em pacientes sem assimetrias faciais importantes, a telerradiografia convencional e as reconstruções total e unilaterais a partir da TCCB oferecem desempenho de reprodutibilidade e resultado de análise cefalométrica semelhantes. / The possibility to explore images afforded by the cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) technique allows investigating patients in more detail. The present study uses some of these resources to compare cephalometric measurements obtained from conventional cephalograms and total and half-skull synthesized cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) cephalograms. Cephalometric analyses of 30 clinically symmetric patients; were conducted by a calibrated examiner on conventional and CBCTsynthesized cephalograms. Reproducibility was investigated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the agreement of the measurements from each factor obtained by conventional, total, right and left CBCT-synthesized cephalograms. The intraclass correlation coefficient revealed similar levels of reproducibility. When the measurements obtained from conventional and CBCT-synthesized cephalograms were compared, the Bland-Altman analysis showed a strong agreement between them. Half-skull CBCT-synthesized cephalograms offer the same diagnostic performance and equivalent reproducibility in terms of cephalometric analysis as observed in conventional and total CBCT-synthesized cephalograms.

A possibilidade de exploração das imagens oferecida pela tomografia computadorizada cone beam (TCCB) permite investigações mais detalhadas do paciente. Este estudo, empregando alguns destes recursos, se propôs a comparar medidas cefalométricas realizadas sobre telerradiografias convencionais e reconstruções de perfil total e unilaterais obtidas da TCCB. Análises cefalométricas de 30 pacientes foram realizadas por um examinador calibrado sobre as reconstruções da TCCB e as telerradiografias convencionais. A reprodutibilidade dos fatores cefalométricos foi investigada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse em cada imagem. O método de Bland-Altman foi utilizado para averiguar a performance diagnóstica de cada imagem em relação às medidas de cada fator cefalométrico. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse evidenciou semelhança de reprodutibilidade entre os exames. Quando os valores dos fatores cefalométricos foram comparados, observou-se forte concordância diagnóstica entre as mensurações realizadas sobre telerradiografias convencionais e imagens reconstruídas por TCCB. Conclui-se que, em pacientes sem assimetrias faciais importantes, a telerradiografia convencional e as reconstruções total e unilaterais a partir da TCCB oferecem desempenho de reprodutibilidade e resultado de análise cefalométrica semelhantes. / The possibility to explore images afforded by the cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) technique allows investigating patients in more detail. The present study uses some of these resources to compare cephalometric measurements obtained from conventional cephalograms and total and half-skull synthesized cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) cephalograms. Cephalometric analyses of 30 clinically symmetric patients; were conducted by a calibrated examiner on conventional and CBCTsynthesized cephalograms. Reproducibility was investigated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the agreement of the measurements from each factor obtained by conventional, total, right and left CBCT-synthesized cephalograms. The intraclass correlation coefficient revealed similar levels of reproducibility. When the measurements obtained from conventional and CBCT-synthesized cephalograms were compared, the Bland-Altman analysis showed a strong agreement between them. Half-skull CBCT-synthesized cephalograms offer the same diagnostic performance and equivalent reproducibility in terms of cephalometric analysis as observed in conventional and total CBCT-synthesized cephalograms.

Orientador: Francisco Haiter Neto / Texto em português e inglês / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T17:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Visconti_MariaAugustaPortellaGuedes_D.pdf: 2357684 bytes, checksum: ed042e1f5da51d27eae5691a052e4cc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente estudo propôs-se validar os materiais água e acrílico como simuladores de tecidos moles em um estudo in vitro realizado com tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Para isso foram utilizadas três cabeças humanas, com tecidos moles intactos, para determinação do padrão-ouro. Essas cabeças foram submetidas a exames de TCFC e posteriormente descarnadas e tomografadas novamente, agora com diferentes tipos de simuladores de tecido mole, seguindo o mesmo protocolo de aquisição. Para simulação dos tecidos moles foram confeccionadas três caixas de acrílico com diferentes dimensões e espessuras. Estas caixas foram utilizadas isoladamente, conjugadas entre si e em combinação com a água, totalizando dez diferentes tipos de simuladores. Um único avaliador experiente realizou as mensurações em quatro regiões de interesse para maxila e mandíbula, incluindo dentes e ossos alveolares. As regiões de interesse consistiram em áreas quadrangulares, nas quais foram determinados todos os valores de cinzas expressos em pixels. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a região avaliada quanto os tipos de simuladores testados interferiram diretamente nos valores de pixels obtidos. As caixas de acrílico de 0,5 e 1,5 cm de espessura foram os simuladores que mais se assemelharam ao padrão-ouro, não apresentando diferença significativa. No entanto, essa similaridade apenas foi observada para a maxila, limitada às regiões dos dentes e ossos alveolares anteriores. A simulação dos tecidos moles realizada apenas com o acrílico foi a que mais se aproximou dos tecidos moles humanos nas imagens de TCFC, apenas para maxila / Abstract: The aim of this study was to validate the materials water and acrylic as soft tissue simulators in an in vitro study conducted with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). For this we used three human heads, with soft tissues intact, to determine the "gold standard". These heads were submitted to CBCT exams, and subsequently stripped and scanned again, this time with different types of soft tissue simulators, following the same acquisition protocol. For soft tissue simulation, three acrylic boxes of differing dimensions and thicknesses were prepared. These boxes were used separately, combined together, and in combination with water, totaling ten different types of simulators. A single experienced evaluator did measurements in four regions of interest for the maxilla and mandible, including teeth and alveolar bone. The regions of interest consisted of quadrangular areas, in which all gray values were determined, expressed in pixels. The results sowed both the region evaluated as well as the types of simulators tested directly affected the pixel values obtained. The acrylic boxes with 0.5 and 1.5 cm thickness were the simulators that more closely resembled the gold standard, presenting no significant difference. However, this similarity was observed only for the maxilla, limited to the anterior tooth and alveolar bone regions. The simulation of soft tissues done solely with acrylic was the one closest to human soft tissues in the CBCT images, only for maxilla / Doutorado / Radiologia Odontologica / Doutora em Radiologia Odontológica

Orientadores: Glaucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Paulo Sérgio Flores Campos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguiar_LucianaBarretoVieira_D.pdf: 775343 bytes, checksum: 32297ad518d640437e10e0db97d996fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a validade de medidas verticais lineares para fins de inserção de implantes dentários em mandíbula a partir de imagens paracoronais diagonais (tomógrafo k9000 3D) e imagens paracoronais ortogonais (tomógrafo i-CAT). A amostra consistiu de 11 mandíbulas humanas secas e desdentadas na região posterior. Foram realizadas, a partir dos sítios implantares, três linhas de orientação, desde o rebordo alveolar até a base da mandíbula, simulando o ângulo de implantação dos dentes na base óssea. Para que estas linhas pudessem ser visualizadas nas imagens tomográficas, foram colocadas no rebordo três esferas plásticas, para localização do sítio implantar, e cones de guta percha com 01 cm de espaçamento entre eles. A aquisição das imagens foi procedida nos tomógrafos i-CAT e k9000 3D, de acordo com os protocolos estabelecidos para este fim. Após as aquisições, três avaliadores analisaram as imagens nos softwares i-CAT Vision e do KDIS, dos respectivos tomógrafos. Para a análise das imagens do i-CAT, os avaliadores realizaram cortes paracoronais ortogonais mensurando a partir do rebordo ósseo até o teto do canal mandibular o corte com a imagem da esfera mais nítida. Nas imagens do k9000 3D, os avaliadores realizaram cortes paracoronais diagonais usando a ferramenta do próprio software e mensurando também do rebordo ósseo até o teto do canal mandibular, acompanhando a orientação da guta percha. Os avaliadores realizaram uma segunda mensuração após uma semana. As mandíbulas foram cortadas seguindo a localização e a orientação das linhas previamente tracejadas nos três sítios, sendo as alturas mensuradas com um paquímetro digital desde o rebordo ósseo até o teto do canal mandibular. As medidas assim aferidas foram utilizadas como padrão ouro. Após a tabulação, os dados foram avaliados pela análise de correlação intraclasse e a comparação entre as médias obtidas nos dois tomógrafos com o real foi realizada pelo teste t pareado (?=0,05). Observou-se que o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse intra-avaliadores foi excelente (variando de 0,98 a 0,99) para os dois tomógrafos. Para a primeira e a segunda avaliação o ICC interavaliadores para os dois tomógrafos foi de satisfatório a excelente: 0,72 a 0,99 e 0,69 a 0,98 respectivamente. Quando comparados os avaliadores com o padrão ouro, o ICC foi excelente variando de 0,76 a 0,87 e 0,82 a 0,89, para o i-CAT e o k9000 3D, respectivamente. Os resultados do ICC para os tomógrafos comparados com o padrão ouro foram excelentes (0,88 e 0,94). O resultado da estatística descritiva obteve um valor de p= 0,0002 com uma média de 13,5 para o i-Cat havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao padrão ouro (média 12,5). O k9000 apresentou uma média de 12,7 (p=0,4454) não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao padrão ouro. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que as medidas verticais reproduzem a condição anatômica e são válidas para fins de inserção de implantes dentários / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of vertical linear measurements for the purpose of inserting dental implants in the mandible using diagonal parasagittal images (K9000 3D Tomograph) and orthogonal parasagittal images (i-CAT Tomograph). The sample consisted of 11 dry, human mandibles, edentulous in the posterior region. From the implant sites, three orientation lines were drawn from the alveolar ridge to the base of the mandible, simulating the angle of implantation of teeth in the bony base. So that these lines could be visualized in the tomographic images, three plastic spheres were placed on the ridge to localize the implant site, and gutta percha cones spaced at a distance of 01cm between them. Image acquisition was performed with i-CAT and K9000 3D tomographs, in accordance with the protocols established for this purpose. After acquisition, three evaluators analyzed the images by means of i-CAT Vision and KDIS software of the respective tomographs. For analysis of i-CAT images, the evaluators made parasagittal orthogonal cuts measuring the cut with the most nitid image of the sphere from the bone ridge up to the roof of the mandibular canal. In the images of the K9000, the evaluators made diagonal parasagittal cuts using the tool of the software itself and also measured from the bone ridge up to the roof of the mandibular canal, following the orientation of the gutta percha. The evaluators made a second measurement after one week. The hemi-mandibles were cut following the localization and orientation of the previously traced lines in the three sites, with the heights being measured with a digital pachymeter from the bone ridge up to the roof of the mandibular canal. The measurements thus checked were used as the gold standard. After tabulation, the data were evaluated by the interclass correlation analysis. The results demonstrated that the intraclass intra-evaluator coefficient of correlation was excellent (ranging from 0.98 to 0.99) for the two Tomographs. For the first and second evaluation the inter-evaluator ICC for the two tomographs was from satisfactory to excellent: 0.72 to 0.99 and 0.69 to 0.98 respectively. When the evaluators were compared with the gold standard, the ICC was excellent variation from 0.76 to 0.87 and 0.82 to 0.89, for i-CAT and K9000 3D, respectively. The results of the ICC for the tomographs compared with the gold standard were excellent (0.88 and 0.94). Thus, it could be concluded that the vertical measurements reproduced the anatomic condition and are valid for the purpose of inserting dental implants / Doutorado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestre em Radiologia Odontológica