Graduate / 0485

Graduate / 0485

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008.

Thesis (doctoral)--Bonn, 1997. / On t.p. x̲ and y̲ are superscript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-119).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-111).

Bidentate ligands are a commonly used class of ligands in catalysis that generate highly-active and selective catalysts. Such bidentate ligands, however, often suffer from synthetic challenges, which can be alleviated by the use of simpler monodentate ligands that assemble through non-covalent interactions to mimic the structure of bidentate ligands at the metal center. To produce a strongly assembled catalyst complex, the Hamilton receptor motif was utilized. Hamilton receptors form six hydrogen bonds with complementary guests and have binding affinities for barbiturates of up to 104 M-1 in CDCl3. Complete bifurcation of the Hamilton scaffold produces a modular ligand structure that allows for modification of either end of the supramolecular ligand structure. Similarly, the barbiturate guest can be synthetically altered creating both chiral guests and guests with differing amounts of steric bulk. Both experimental titration data and density functional theory calculations show that steric bulk discourages binding of the guest while a pre-organized host encourages guest inclusion. Electronic effects on the bifurcated Hamilton system were studied by varying the electron donating or withdrawing ability of the benzamide moiety on the host molecule. Electron withdrawing moieties produce more acidic amide hydrogens on the host which are able to participate in stronger hydrogen bonds with the guest resulting in a stronger host-guest complex. The effects of substitutions on the barbiturate guest were examined as well, and increased steric bulk on the guest resulted in decreased affinities with the host. The bifurcated Hamilton receptor ligands were examined in the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction of iodobenzene with butyl acrylate. Pd2(OAc)4 was used as a control and all reaction yields with the diphenylphosphine ligand-stabilized Pd were greater than or equal to those obtained with Pd2(OAc)4 alone. The reaction rates did not correlate with the determined binding constants, suggesting that phosphine substitution on the guest plays a larger role than affinity of the complex for the guest. Reaction temperatures were varied, and at lower temperatures the yields increased implying that the strength of the hydrogen bonds between the metal complex and the guest does play a secondary role in the catalysis. This dissertation includes previously published co-authored material.

Orientador: Roberto Rittner Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vilcachagua_JanainaDantas_M.pdf: 7602676 bytes, checksum: c8ad06bb13f22f25be4a54757dfeb0e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Estudaram-se as interações de orbitais e seus efeitos nas constantes de acoplamento JHH e JCH em 1,3,5-trioxano, 1,3,5-tritiano e 1,3,5-tritianos monosubstituídos, onde os substituintes foram os halogênios: flúor, cloro, bromo e metil por dados de ressonância magnética nuclear e cálculos teóricos. Todos os cálculos foram realizados com os programas GAUSSIAN 98 e 03. Os cálculos de otimização de geometrias foram realizados em nível MP2 e a função de base aug-cc-pVTZ. Os cálculos para estudo das interações hiperconjugativas foram feitos com o programa NBO. As constantes de acoplamento foram calculadas utilizando a teoria de perturbação CP-DFT. Obtiveram-se os espectros de RMN de H e de C a temperatura ambiente e a baixa temperatura para obtenção dos valores das constantes de acoplamentos experimentais. A análise conjunta dos dados teóricos e experimentais para o 1,3,5-trioxano e 1,3,5-tritiano mostrou a influência das interações hiperconjugativas nxs*C-HEq, nxs*C-HAx, e nxs*C-X, onde o X pode ser o átomo de oxigênio ou enxofre, nos valores das constantes de acoplamento JCHax, JCHeq e JHH. A análise conjunta dos dados teóricos e experimentais para 1,3,5-tritianos monosubstituídos mostrou a influência dos átomos eletronegativos, flúor, cloro e bromo, no valor da constante de acoplamento JCHax no carbono 6 através do efeito eletrostático. As constantes de acoplamento JCHax e JCHeq, no carbono 2, sofrem influência direta do substituinte eletronegativo. A presença do grupo metila não mostrou nenhum efeito nos valores das constantes de acoplamento estudadas. / Abstract: The present work reports the NMR data and theoretical calculations of orbital interactions and their effects on JHH and JCH coupling constants in 1,3,5-trioxane, 1,3,5- trithiane and 2-substituted 1,3,5-trithianes, where the substitutents are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and methyl. The calculations were carried out with the Gaussian 98 and 03 package of programs. The aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets were employed for geometries optimizations at level MP2. The energies of hyperconjugative interactions were calculated with the NBO program. The coupling constants were evaluated within the CP-DFT perturbative approach. The H and C spectra were recorded for all compounds at room and low temperature, for obtained the determination of coupling constants. The experimental results and those from theoretical calculations showed the influence of hyperconjugative interactions nxs*C-HEq, nxs*C-HAx, e nxs*C-X, where X is oxygen or sulfur atoms, on JCHax, JCHeq and JHH coupling constants in 1,3,5-trioxane and 1,3,5-trithiane. The experimental results and those from theoretical calculations showed the influence of electrostatic effects for JCHax coupling constant in 2-substituted 1,3,5-trithianes with electronegative atoms: fluorine, chlorine and bromine. For carbon 2, the JCHax and JCHeq coupling constants showed the direct influence of the electronegative atom. The alkyl group, methyl, did not present any effects on the coupling constants in study. / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Abstract This thesis deals with the rotation-vibration theory and high resolution infrared spectroscopy of semirigid C3 molecules. Semirigid molecules form a class of molecules which are strongly bound with one well defined structure, and without low frequency internal motions. The theory, as well as the experimental studies of semirigid molecules are of special importance in the field of rotation-vibration spectroscopy. They provide a good starting point for interpreting and analyzing the spectra of practically all types of molecules. In this work, the theory is reviewed fromthe standpoint of one particular molecule, 13CH3I, which is a prolate symmetric top with C3 symmetry. The origin and the properties of the rotation-vibration Hamiltonian are discussed in detail. Molecular symmetry plays an important role in these studies. The expansion of the Hamiltonian for nuclear motion in powers of the vibrational operators converges rapidly as numerical examples thoughout the treatment indicate. The molecule is thus a good subject for the perturbation calculations, also reviewed here in detail. 13CH3I can be considered as a model example of semirigid molecules. From the spectroscopic point of view, this thesis is a study of the six fundamental bands of 13CH3I. The rotational analysis of the vibrational ground state is first given. Special attention is paid to obtaining the axial rotational constants which are problematic for symmetric top molecules. The relatively high energy level density of 13CH3I leads to several resonances. The fundamental bands, especially the higher ones, must therefore be treated as parts of band systems. Care is paid to properly take into account the effects of the near-lying vibrational levels on the constants of the fundamentals. Certain ambiguities in the rotation-vibration Hamiltonian of 13CH3I are also discussed.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Water Utilization))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) is an organic ligand which has been extensively studied due to its biological significance and excellent chelating properties. Nitrilotripropionic Acid (NTPA) is a ligand that is believed to possess similar properties to NTA, but has not been as extensively studied. It has been experimentally determined that metal complexes of NTA are orders of magnitude stronger than those formed with NTPA. This is surprising, especially considering that the ligands do not differ that much from each other. NTPA contains an additional –CH2– group in each of the acid containing arms as compared to NTA. The aim of these studies were to explain, theoretically, why this is the case. Analyses were conducted with a number of software programs including, Gaussian 03, Schrödinger Maestro and AIM 2000. All Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies were conducted in solvent at the RB3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory in conjunction with a number of different solvation models. En route to explaining why the complexes differ in stability a new methodology was utilized (isodesmic reactions) in which the four stepwise protonation constants of both NTA and NTPA were successfully predicted; in fact these were the most accurate values predicted to date by DFT methods. The final step of these studies focused on predicting stability constants of metal (Zn2+ and Ni2+) complexes of NTA and NTPA. These predictions were not as accurate as those achieved for the prediction of protonation constants; however, success was achieved in predicting the trend – complexes with NTA are orders of magnitude stronger than complexes formed with NTPA. The most important observation revealed that H–clashes and C–H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds present in M(NTPA) complexes, which are not present in M(NTA) complexes, result in the formation of additional rings which contributes to the formation of a cage. It was discovered that the H-clashes present in the M(NTPA) complexes were contributing to the overall stability of the molecule. This is completely contradictory to a previous explanation in which H-clashes, being a result of steric crowding, resulted in destabilization of a complex. If the H-clashes were not present in the M(NTPA) complexes there would not be enough stabilizing factors present in the molecule which will inevitably result in the non-existence of M(NTPA) complexes. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemistry / unrestricted