The Wu-Luo River located in the Ping-Tong County of southern Taiwan has long been polluted by untreated domestic and partially treated poultry wastewaters and is among the most polluted rivers in Taiwan. A full-scale constructed wetland (CW) has been in operation since January of 2005 for cleaning a part of the polluted river water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specifications of the CW and its performance for removing both organic and inorganic pollutants form the influent water. Results indicate that during the investigation period of April 2006 to February 2007, the CW had channel widths of 86-112 m (average 100 m) and a zone-type length of 1,600 m. It occupied a total area of 18 hectares in which around 9 hectares were wetted by the introduced river water. Around 4.7 hectares of the CW was flooded by the river water and 1.9 hectares were occupied by emergent and floating plants such as cattail, water lettuce, reed, water celery, and bara grass. A total water volume of around 6,800 m3 was estimated. In the period, 10,000-20,000 m3/day (CMD) (average 10,800 CMD) of the polluted river water was introduced to the CW and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.63 day was estimated for the flowing water in the through the water body. Results also indicated that the influent water has the following qualities (unit in mg/L except pH and number in parentheses indicates the average value): total COD (CODt) 10-121 (52), BOD 6-36 (21), suspended solids (SS) 10-165 (70), pH 5.4-8.1 (7.4), ammonia-N 2-22 V (13), nitrate-N 0-9.4 (2.5), nitrite-N 0-1.8 (0.2), total-N (TN) 9.9-41.3 (22.6), phosphate-P 0-3.1 (0.9), total-P (TP) 1.2-36.7 (5.2), Cu 0.022-0.60 (0.071), and Zn 0.01-0.36 (0.13). It was found that water sampled from nearly the middle point of the CW got better clarification results than that from the effluent end. Pollutant removal efficacies were 60, 60, and 67%, respectively, for CODt, BOD, and SS at the middle point, while 56, 54, and 45%, respectively, for CODt, BOD, and SS at the effluent end. Organics, N, and P released from rotten plants were responsible for the poor water qualities at the end. The CW had only a TN removal efficacy of around 18% and no TP removal effect.

ABSTRACT Coast zones are ecology sensitive areas, coastal wetlands may provide many biological, chemical and physical functions. However, as a result of economy develops, it makes many industrial estate and large-scale reclamation along the coast, the coastal wetlands are facing critical threatens, includes of habitat loss, industrial wastewater, wetlands degradation , fishery reduction and coastal zones erosion. In order to achieve the sustainable use of coastal resources and pure industrial wastewater and provide wildlife habitat, creating or restoring wetlands may resolve many problems in Taiwan¡¦s coastal zones. Coastal wetlands restoration, enhancement, and creation can clear up wastewater, increase wetlands and slow environmental destruction. Coastal wetlands also achieve recreational, educational , cultural functions, environmental education, and sustainable development of Taiwan¡¦s coastal zones. This thesis collect constructed wetlands history, and application cases, aim at the sensitive coastal in Taiwan to suggest constructed wetlands strategies. Keywords: Coastal Zone, Wetland, Constructed Wetland, Taiwan.

Triclosan and triclocarban are antimicrobial compounds added to a variety of consumer products that are commonly detected in waste water effluent. The focus of this study was to determine whether the bioconcentration of these compounds in wetland plants and sediments exhibited species specific and site specific differences by collecting field samples from a constructed wetland in Denton, Texas. The study showed that species-specific differences in bioconcentration exist for triclosan and triclocarban. Site-specific differences in bioconcentration were observed for triclosan and triclocarban in roots tissues and sediments. These results suggest that species selection is important for optimizing the removal of triclosan and triclocarban in constructed wetlands and raises concerns about the long term exposure of wetland ecosystems to these compounds.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>The main objectives of this study were to investigate (i) anovel wetland treatment technology and (ii) selected bed filtermedia for the removal of contaminants from landfill leachate. Areview of the literature concerning experiences of the use ofconstructed wetlands (CW) for the removal of nitrogen fromlandfill leachate, showed that at least three groups oftreatment systems are in practice: sub-surface flow wetlands,hybrid systems (a combination of vertical and horizontal flowwetlands) and, compact constructed wetland (CCW). Most of thesetypeswere generally effective in reducing nitrogen (N,<i>e.g.</i>NH₄-N, dominant N species in leachate) down toeffluent concentrations of about 10 mg L^-1. Unfortunately, very little evidence ofresponsible mechanisms for the removal of N was presented,although some data indicated denitrification. The treatmentperformance of a compact constructed wetland (CCW) applied atthe Tveta Landfill, Södertälje, Sweden, wasevaluated. Chemically purified leachate and untreated leachatewere applied in periods of 7 day submergence and 7 day drainageto different sections of the CCW. The removal efficiency variedbetween 40 and 82%, and a mass removal rate of up to 5.1 g m²d^-1was achieved. The chemical pre-treatment had adecisive role for the highest removal efficiencies obtained andit was unclear whether that treatment enhanced the efficiencybecause of lower toxicity and/or content of fewer competingcations. The possible combination of bed filter media and CCWas an ecotechnological treatment method for landfill leachatewas investigated by bench-scale laboratory column experiments.Reactive filter media (sorbents) was selected from their knownor suggested capacities for removal of heavy metals, nitrogenand phosphorus. Quartz sand or natural sand from an esker wasused as reference medium. Peat was used as an additionalcomponent in mixtures with the reactive media Polonite^®(product from the bedrock opoka) and blastfurnace slag (BFS). A small column study also involved zeolite.Phosphorus was efficiently removed by Polonite^®and NH₄-N to some extent. Concerning metal removal, thebest performance was found as well for Polonite^®, especially for Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. The BFSshowed good removal efficiency for Cu, Ni and Mo. The removalof different elements was suggested to be a combination ofseveral factors,<i>e.g.</i>precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption. Priorto full-scale application of reactive filters at a landfillsite, matrix selection, filter design and operationalprocedures must be developed.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Blast furnace slag; Compact constructedwetland; Metals; Nitrogen; Polonite; Sorbents</p>

Ces travaux contribuent à caractériser des compartiments environnementaux (i.e. eau, sol et solution du sol, substrat, macrophytes à l’échelle individuelle et des communautés) et leur fonctionnement pour in fine améliorer l’efficacité de zones humides construites (CW) à décontaminer une masse d’eau contaminée en cuivre. Les connaissances sur le maintien de l’homéostasie de Cu chez les végétaux ainsi que sa phytotoxicité aux expositions élevées sont résumées. Les principaux mécanismes physico-chimiques et biologiques intervenant en phytoremédiation d’eaux contaminées en Cu en CW sont également discutés. Plusieurs solutions de phytoremédiation de type phytostabilisation aidée ont été évaluées en lysimètres in situ sur un site de traitement du bois contaminé au Cu, afin d’établir le potentiel de certains amendements à sorber Cu dans le substrat des CW. Les concentrations en éléments traces potentiellement toxiques (PTTE, dont Cu) et macroéléments des lixiviats migrants vers les horizons aquifères ont été quantifiées. Un laitier sidérurgique de type Linz-Donawitz enrichi en P (LDS, 1%) a permis le meilleur développement de Lemna minor L., utilisé ici comme bioindicateur, exposée aux lixiviats. En parallèle, les communautés de macrophytes ont été suivies le long du parcours de la Jalle d’Eysines, une rivière urbaine contaminée en Cu et autres PTTE. Les concentrations en PTTE ont été déterminées dans le sol, l’eau, l’eau interstitielle et les feuilles de 7 espèces de macrophytes. Un modèle statistique multivarié (analyse discriminante linéaire, LDA) a ensuite été élaboré sur la base des concentrations foliaires en PTTE pour biosurveiller l’exposition des macrophytes. Des populations de macrophytes ont aussi été prélevées sur des zones humides de contamination croissante en Cu en Europe (France, Espagne, Portugal et Italie), Biélorussie et Australie. La production de racines chez les macrophytes exposées pendant 3 semaines à des concentrations croissantes en Cu (0,08 ; 2,5 ; 5 ; 15 et 25 µM Cu) montre une variabilité intra-spécifique de la tolérance au Cu pour des populations de Juncus effusus, Schoenoplectus lacustris et Phalaris arundinacea. A l’inverse, une réponse similaire à une tolérance constitutive a été obtenue chez Typha latifolia et Iris pseudacorus, deux espèces à forte production de rhizomes. L’importance des rhizomes est discutée. Phragmites australis produit également des rhizomes, mais a présenté une variabilité intra-spécifique dans sa production racinaire en réponse à une exposition au Cu. En CW, à l’échelle du mésocosme (110 dm3), jusqu’à 99% du Cu de la masse d’eau (concentration initiale: 2.5µM Cu) ont été éliminés dans les trois modalités plantées de Juncus articulatus, P. arundinacea et P. australis, ainsi que dans le contrôle non planté. Les rôles du biofilm microbien, du substrat et des macrophytes en CW ainsi que leurs interactions sont discutés. La sélection d’écotypes de macrophytes tolérants aux PTTE pour leur utilisation en zone humide construite ainsi que les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la variabilité intra-spécifique de cette tolérance, notamment chez P. australis, sont deux thèmes de recherche à promouvoir. / This work aims at characterizing environmental compartments (i.e. water, soil and soil pore water, substrate, macrophytes at the individual and community scale) and their functioning to in fine improve the effectiveness of constructed wetlands (CW) for cleaning Cu-contaminated waters. Knowledge on the homeostasis of Cu in plants and its phytotoxicity at medium and high exposures are summarized. The main physico-chemical and biological mechanisms involved in the phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated water in CW are discussed. Several aided-phytostabilisation options were in situ evaluated in lysimeters at a Cu-contaminated wood preservation site to assess the potential of four amendments to sorb Cu in a CW substrate. Concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements (PTTE, including Cu) and macronutrients of leachates migrating from the root zone to the aquifers were quantified. Based on the responses of Lemna minor L. used as a bioindicator, exposed to the leachates,.Linz-Donawitz slag spiked with P (LDS, 1%) best performed to sorb labile Cu in the root zone. In parallel, macrophyte communities were monitored along the Jalle Eysines River, an urban river slightly contaminated by Cu and other PTTE. The PTTE concentrations were determined in the soil, water, soil pore water, and in the leaves of seven macrophyte species. A multivariate statistical model was developed based on the foliar PTTE concentrations for biomonitoring macrophyte exposures. Populations of macrophytes were also collected in wetlands displaying an increasing Cu contamination in Europe (France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy), Belarus and Australia. Root production of macrophytes exposed for 3 weeks at increasing Cu concentrations (0.08, 2.5, 5, 15 and 25 µM Cu) shows an intra-specific variability of Cu tolerance in populations of Juncus effusus, Schoenoplectus lacustris and Phalaris arundinacea. In contrast, a similar response to constitutive tolerance occurred for Typha latifolia and Iris pseudacorus, two species with high production of rhizomes. The rhizome influence is discussed. Phragmites australis also produces rhizomes but showed intra-specific variability in response to Cu exposure. In a CW at mesocosm scale (110 dm3), up to 99% of Cu in water (initial concentration: 2.5μM Cu) was removed after 2 weeks in the three modalities planted with Juncus articulatus, P. arundinacea and P. australis, and in the unplanted control. The influences of microbial biofilms, the substrate, and the macrophyte species and their interactions in CW are discussed. The selection of PTTE-tolerant macrophytes for their used in CW and the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the intra-specific variability in PTTE- tolerance, i.e for P. australis, require further investigations.

<p>The amount of various phosphorus (P) fractions in the sediment and the relationship between the amount of P and sediment particle size were investigated in a constructed wetland southwest of Linköping. Furthermore, the possible correlation between clay content in the sediment and distance from the inlet was investigated. Sediment samples were collected along three transects from the inlet to the outlet, with six samples in each transect. In order to measure the soluble P, an NH4Cl extraction was done. This was also analysed for total soluble P after oxidation with peroxodisulphate. The sediment was also analysed for total-P and organic P by drying, dispersion in a mortar and sieving followed by boiling in HCl. Analysis of phosphate-P in all extracts was done with an acid molybdate solution and ascorbic acid, forming a blue complex that was measured spectrophotometrically. There was no significant relationship between soluble P or soluble total-P and the proportion of clay in the sediment samples. This was also the case for total-P and organic-P. Generally, the levels of phosphorus in the sediment were low, which may result from too deep sediment samples, causing the settled P-rich sediment to be diluted by the terrestrial soil underneath the wetland. There was a low proportion of clay in the sediment (4 – 18 %), which made it difficult to detect any correlation with soluble-P content. When omitting the samples at the inlet (which were more influenced by vegetation than the others), a significant positive correlation between percentage of clay and distance from the inlet was detected, suggesting that clay particles were settling in the wetland.</p>

The amount of various phosphorus (P) fractions in the sediment and the relationship between the amount of P and sediment particle size were investigated in a constructed wetland southwest of Linköping. Furthermore, the possible correlation between clay content in the sediment and distance from the inlet was investigated. Sediment samples were collected along three transects from the inlet to the outlet, with six samples in each transect. In order to measure the soluble P, an NH4Cl extraction was done. This was also analysed for total soluble P after oxidation with peroxodisulphate. The sediment was also analysed for total-P and organic P by drying, dispersion in a mortar and sieving followed by boiling in HCl. Analysis of phosphate-P in all extracts was done with an acid molybdate solution and ascorbic acid, forming a blue complex that was measured spectrophotometrically. There was no significant relationship between soluble P or soluble total-P and the proportion of clay in the sediment samples. This was also the case for total-P and organic-P. Generally, the levels of phosphorus in the sediment were low, which may result from too deep sediment samples, causing the settled P-rich sediment to be diluted by the terrestrial soil underneath the wetland. There was a low proportion of clay in the sediment (4 – 18 %), which made it difficult to detect any correlation with soluble-P content. When omitting the samples at the inlet (which were more influenced by vegetation than the others), a significant positive correlation between percentage of clay and distance from the inlet was detected, suggesting that clay particles were settling in the wetland.

This research is based on the plan and design of Datang constructed wetland as a storm water wetland system. Qantity of the discharges from Datan community drainage system including its branches surround Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area are estimated. The objectives of this research is to study the possibilities of using the concept of stormwater wetland system for including the Datan constructed wetland and Lin-Bian right-bank wetland as flood detention wetland system and treatment wetlands during the dry season. Generally, flood detention ponds are not functioning except during storm seasons. Rainfall are mostly concentrated from June to September in southern Taiwan (mainly due to southwest monsoon and typhoon), the Datan wetland has therefore planned to treat the domestic sewages and the disposal from aquaculture farms during the dry season, and first flushing drainage during storm season. Besides the flood detention volume, Datan wetland has been designed into four major sections, a) primary settling for settle part of the suspended particles and aeration; b) bio-filtration through 2 sets of bio-filter using crushed bricks and oyster shells as filter media, mainly designed for BOD removal and partly early denitrification; c) followed by shallow weeds pond for reaeration and nutrients uptake by plantation; d) entering a series of open water ponds for stabilization. Landscape has been take good care for recreative function and habitat reserved for variety of birds. Due to the flood detention function will flood the basin few times a year, variable depth environment and plantations are designed. Wetland maintains ordinary water level at EL=-1.1m, maximum flood detention can go as high as EL=+1.5m. The wetland has effective surface approximately 5.5 ha., maximum flood detention quantity approximately 130,000 cubic meters. Since the area is tidally affected, influents contain different levels of salinities. Plantation becomes a difficult issue for the Datan wetland, due to the saline waters. Mangrove is the best choice, so far, for this situation. The mangrove forest has the richest productivity on wetland ecosystem, and can carry on the physical biology multistage degeneration to the sewage and absorb various pollutants. Hydraulic analysis estimates the peak discharge of Datan drainage system¡¦s 10 year flood frequency is 20.17cms, Datan constructed wetland and Linbian right bank constructed wetland can reduces the peak rate of 8.06cms and 4.38 cms, respectively. In addition, most of the branches of the Datan drainage system are thus achieve the ten year return period bench mark from the HEC-RAS evaluation The water quality monitoring results after one month of operation have shown the average elimination rates, TOC=-10%, BOD5=53%, TKN=71%, NH3-N=88%, NO3-N=65, NO2-N=90%, TN=70%, TP=52%, OP=56%, Chl.a=-61%, SS=4%, the turbidity (NTU)=70%. BOD and nutrients are shown effective reductions, while the SS and the chlorophyll-a are correlated mainly due to the plankton growth in the open waters. Long-term monitoring is continuing for the evaluation of the water quality purification function and the operational management model.