Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-162).

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Conventional energy sources are not only finite and depleting rapidly, but are a major source of global warming because they are key contributors of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Renewable energy sources are one important approach to these challenges. Distributed micro-generation energy sources are expected to increase the diversity of energy sources for the grid, but also increase the flexibility and resilience of the grid. Furthermore, it could reduce the domestic energy demand from the grid by enabling local consumption of energy generated through renewable sources. The most widely installed renewable energy generation systems in domestic environments, in UK, are based on solar power. However, there is a common recurring issue related to output intermittency of most promising renewable energy generation methods (e.g. solar and wind), resulting in a temporal energy mismatch between local energy generation and energy consumption. Current state-of-the-art technologies/solutions for tackling temporal energy mismatch rely on various types of energy storage technologies, most of which are not suitable for the domestic environments because they are designed for industrial scale application and relatively costly. As such energy storage system technologies are generally not deemed as economically viable or attractive for domestic environments. This research project seeks to tackle the temporal energy mismatch problem between local PV generated energy and domestic energy consumption without the need for dedicated energy storage systems; without affecting the householders comfort and/or imposing operational burdens on the householders. Simulation has been chosen as the major vehicle to facilitate much of the research investigation although data collated from related research projects in the UK and Jordan have been used in the research study. Solar radiation models have been established for predicting the solar radiation for days with clear-sky for any location at any time of the year. This model has achieved a correlation factor of 0.99 in relating to the experimental data-set obtained from National Energy Research Centre Amman/Jordan. Such a model is an essential component for supporting this research study, which has been employed to predict the amount of solar power that could be obtained in different locations and different day(s) of the year. A Domestic Energy Ecosystem Model (DEEM) has been established, which is comprised of two sub-models, namely “PV panels” and “domestic energy consumption” models. This model can be configured with different parameters such as power generation capacity of the photovoltaic (PV) panels and the smart domestic appliances to model different domestic environments. The DEEM model is a vital tool for supporting the test, evaluation and validation of the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategies. A novel temporal energy mismatch control strategy has been proposed to address these issues by bringing together the concepts of load shifting and energy buffering, with the support of smart domestic appliances. The ‘What-if’ analysis approach has been adopted to facilitate the study of ‘cause-effect’ under different scenarios with the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy can successfully tackle the temporal energy mismatch problem for a 3 bedroom semi-detached house with 2.5kWp PV panels installed, which can utilise local generated energy by up to 99%, and reduce the energy demand from the grid by up to 50%. Further analysis using the simulation has indicated significant socio-economic impacts to the householders and the environment could be obtained from the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy. It shows the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy could significantly reduce the annual grid energy consumption for a 3 bedrooms semi-detached house and produce significant carbon reductions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to present a methodology for comparing the performance electrical, mechanical and hydraulic under the focus of the energy efficiency of pumping systems controlled by valves of strangulation or by the frequency converters. The trigger is held by engines of the line standard or high efficiency. Therefore, this paper presents the simulation in domain of time from a computer platform called ATP (Alternative Transient Program). Complementing the aspects earlier, the validation of proposal modeling, is performed by comparing the simulated values and those from the tests. Finally, it should be emphasized that the laboratory experiments were performed in the laboratory for energy efficiency of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar uma metodologia de comparação do desempenho elétrico, mecânico e hidráulico, sob o enfoque da eficiência energética, de sistemas de bombeamento controlados por válvulas de estrangulamento ou por inversores de freqüência. O acionamento é realizado pelos motores da linha padrão ou de alto rendimento. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta a simulação no domínio do tempo a partir de uma plataforma computacional denominada ATP (Alternative Transient Program). Complementando os aspectos anteriores, a validação da modelagem proposta, é realizada através da comparação entre os valores simulados e aqueles oriundos dos ensaios experimentais. Finalmente, deve-se destacar que os experimentos laboratoriais foram executados no laboratório de eficiência energética da Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. / Mestre em Ciências

A dissertação utiliza a pesquisa como método experimental e investigativo para identificar os fatores condicionantes para a definição da infraestrutura de aquecimento de água para banho (gás, elétrico e solar térmico) nas edificações residenciais de interesse popular, construídas no município de São Paulo. A partir das informações de três projetos e do dimensionamento da infraestrutura de cada opção, determinam-se seus custos para um projeto típico, exclusivamente para o aquecimento de água para banho. Também são determinados os custos de aquisição, instalação, infraestrutura e operação de cada configuração. O método Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) é utilizado para comparar financeiramente diversas alternativas. Os resultados permitem avaliar o interesse na realização de infraestruturas combinadas de forma a possibilitar a qualquer momento a utilização de aparelhos instantâneos, elétrico ou a gás, com ou sem o apoio solar térmico. Essa infraestrutura combinada permite a liberdade de escolha ao usuário, de forma individual e a qualquer momento, do aquecimento de água para banho, tendo em vista o seu custo benefício, eventualmente associadas às oportunidades oferecidas pelas distribuidoras de energias e/ou pelos fabricantes de aparelhos e/ou políticas públicas. Os resultados alcançados apresentam importantes dados para subsidiar discussões e análises comparativas, estabelecendo os caminhos para orientar a escolha da infraestrutura. / The paper uses research as investigative and experimental method to identify the factors responsible for the definition of infrastructure for bathing water heating (gas, electric and solar thermal) in residential buildings of popular interest, built in São Paulo. Based on the information from three projects and the sizing of the infrastructure of each of them, the costs for a typical project exclusively for bathing water heating, are determined. Besides that, are also determined, the costs of acquisition, installation, infrastructure and operation of each configuration. The method - Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is used to compare the various financial alternatives. The results allow to evaluate the interest in carrying out infrastructures combined to enable anytime instant use of appliance, electric or gas, with or without the solar thermal support. This combined infrastructure allows the user free choice, individually and at any time, for heating water for bathing, in view of its cost benefit, possibly combined with the opportunities offered by energy distributors and / or the device manufacturers and / or public policy. The results present relevant data to support comparative discussion and analysis, setting ways to guide the choice of infrastructure.

A dissertação utiliza a pesquisa como método experimental e investigativo para identificar os fatores condicionantes para a definição da infraestrutura de aquecimento de água para banho (gás, elétrico e solar térmico) nas edificações residenciais de interesse popular, construídas no município de São Paulo. A partir das informações de três projetos e do dimensionamento da infraestrutura de cada opção, determinam-se seus custos para um projeto típico, exclusivamente para o aquecimento de água para banho. Também são determinados os custos de aquisição, instalação, infraestrutura e operação de cada configuração. O método Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) é utilizado para comparar financeiramente diversas alternativas. Os resultados permitem avaliar o interesse na realização de infraestruturas combinadas de forma a possibilitar a qualquer momento a utilização de aparelhos instantâneos, elétrico ou a gás, com ou sem o apoio solar térmico. Essa infraestrutura combinada permite a liberdade de escolha ao usuário, de forma individual e a qualquer momento, do aquecimento de água para banho, tendo em vista o seu custo benefício, eventualmente associadas às oportunidades oferecidas pelas distribuidoras de energias e/ou pelos fabricantes de aparelhos e/ou políticas públicas. Os resultados alcançados apresentam importantes dados para subsidiar discussões e análises comparativas, estabelecendo os caminhos para orientar a escolha da infraestrutura. / The paper uses research as investigative and experimental method to identify the factors responsible for the definition of infrastructure for bathing water heating (gas, electric and solar thermal) in residential buildings of popular interest, built in São Paulo. Based on the information from three projects and the sizing of the infrastructure of each of them, the costs for a typical project exclusively for bathing water heating, are determined. Besides that, are also determined, the costs of acquisition, installation, infrastructure and operation of each configuration. The method - Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is used to compare the various financial alternatives. The results allow to evaluate the interest in carrying out infrastructures combined to enable anytime instant use of appliance, electric or gas, with or without the solar thermal support. This combined infrastructure allows the user free choice, individually and at any time, for heating water for bathing, in view of its cost benefit, possibly combined with the opportunities offered by energy distributors and / or the device manufacturers and / or public policy. The results present relevant data to support comparative discussion and analysis, setting ways to guide the choice of infrastructure.

The theme of this diploma thesis are the issue of energy evaluation of buildings and the reduction of energy consumption in the Czech legal system in the theoretical part, an analysis of energy consumption of the judged building in an old and new state in the calculation part and an energy audit of the main building of SRC Lihovar in Třemošnice according to Decree no. 480/2012 Coll. The three-storey main building of sports and rehabilitation center is located on the southern edge of city Třemošnice and it used to be a distillery until it has been renovated in 2013. There is a restaurant with a bowling room, hotel with two conference lounges, wellness, fitness and a swimming pool. The heat source for this building are two gas boilers, three heat pumps and solar collector array. There is partly forced and partly natural ventilation installed in the building.