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Effect of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability on Fuel Consumption Rate: A Numerical InvestigationLong, Brandon Scott 24 August 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Energy-aware routing protocols in Wireless Sensor NetworksAbusaimeh, Hesham January 2009 (has links)
Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Energy-aware routing protocols have been introduced for WSNs to overcome limitations of WSN including limited power resources and difficulties renewing or recharging sensor nodes batteries. Furthermore, the potentially inhospitable environments of sensor locations, in some applications, such as the bottom of the ocean, or inside tornados also have to be considered. ZigBee is one of the latest communication standards designed for WSNs based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee standard supports two routing protocols, the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and the cluster-tree routing protocols. These protocols are implemented to establish the network, form clusters, and transfer data between the nodes. The AODV and the cluster-tree routing protocols are two of the most efficient routing protocols in terms of reducing the control message overhead, reducing the bandwidth usage in the network, and reducing the power consumption of wireless sensor nodes compared to other routing protocols. However, neither of these protocols considers the energy level or the energy consumption rate of the wireless sensor nodes during the establishment or routing processes.
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Interferon Signaling-Dependent Contribution of Glycolysis to Rubella Virus InfectionSchilling, Erik, Wald, Maria Elisabeth, Schulz, Juliane, Werner, Lina Emilia, Claus, Claudia 31 August 2023 (has links)
Interferons (IFNs) are an essential part of innate immunity and contribute to adaptive immune responses. Here, we employed a loss-of-function analysis with human A549 respiratory epithelial cells with a knockout (KO) of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR KO), either solely or together with the receptor of type III IFN (IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO). The course of rubella virus (RuV) infection on the IFNAR KO A549 cells was comparable to the control A549. However, on the IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO A549 cells, both genome replication and the synthesis of viral proteins were significantly enhanced. The generation of IFN β during RuV infection was influenced by type III IFN signaling. In contrast to IFNAR KO A549, extracellular IFN β was not detected on IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO A549. The bioenergetic profile of RuV-infected IFNAR/IFNLR1 KO A549 cells generated by extracellular flux analysis revealed a significant increase in glycolysis, whereas mitochondrial respiration was comparable between all three cell types. Moreover, the application of the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) significantly increased viral protein synthesis in control A549 cells, while no effect was noted on IFNAR/IFNLR KO A549. In conclusion, we identified a positive signaling circuit of type III IFN signaling on the generation of IFN β during RuV infection and an IFN signaling-dependent contribution of glycolysis to RuV infection. This study on epithelial A549 cells emphasizes the interaction between glycolysis and antiviral IFN signaling and notably, the antiviral activity of type III IFNs against RuV infection, especially in the absence of both type I and III IFN signaling, the RuV replication cycle was enhanced.
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The Interferon Response Dampens the Usutu Virus Infection-Associated Increase in GlycolysisWald, Maria Elisabeth, Sieg, Michael, Schilling, Erik, Binder, Marco, Vahlenkamp, Thomas Wilhelm, Claus, Claudia 03 April 2023 (has links)
The mosquito-borne Usutu virus (USUV) is a zoonotic flavivirus and an emerging
pathogen. So far therapeutical options or vaccines are not available in human and
veterinary medicine. The bioenergetic profile based on extracellular flux analysis
revealed an USUV infection-associated significant increase in basal and stressed
glycolysis on Vero and with a tendency for basal glycolysis on the avian cell line TME-R
derived from Eurasian blackbirds. On both cell lines this was accompanied by a significant
drop in the metabolic potential of glycolysis. Moreover, glycolysis contributed to
production of virus progeny, as inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduced
virus yield on Vero by one log10 step. Additionally, the increase in glycolysis observed on
Vero cells after USUV infection was lost after the addition of exogenous type I interferon
(IFN) b. To further explore the contribution of the IFN response pathway to the impact of
USUV on cellular metabolism, USUV infection was characterized on human A549
respiratory cells with a knockout of the type I IFN receptor, either solely or together with
the receptor of type III IFN. Notably, only the double knockout of types I and III IFN receptor
increased permissiveness to USUV and supported viral replication together with an
alteration of the glycolytic activity, namely an increase in basal glycolysis to an extent
that a further increase after injection of metabolic stressors during extracellular flux
analysis was not noted. This study provides evidence for glycolysis as a possible target
for therapeutic intervention of USUV replication. Moreover, presented data highlight type I
and type III IFN system as a determinant for human host cell permissiveness and for the
infection-associated impact on glycolysis.
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[pt] O PROBLEMA DE ROTEAMENTO EM ARCOS CAPACITADOS COM DEPENDÊNCIA DE TEMPO E VEICULOS ELÉTRICOS / [en] THE ELECTRIC TIME-DEPENDENT CAPACITATED ARC ROUTING PROBLEMJAHIR DESAILY LLAGAS ORTEGA 24 November 2022 (has links)
[pt] Com o aumento das questões energéticas e ambientais, os veículos elétricos (EVs) se tornarão um modo de transporte essencial na distribuição logística. Um cenário vital a ser considerado é a dependência do congestionamento
do tráfego nos tempos de viagem dos veículos, como é comum nas áreas urbanas hoje. Esse recurso significa que a velocidade de um EV em cada rota
pode ser distinta durante diferentes períodos. Como os EVs possuem autonomia limitada, vários trabalhos na literatura propuseram modelos de consumo
de energia em função da velocidade e fatores aerodinâmicos. No entanto, sua
aplicação permanece limitada e simplificada devido à sua dependência da velocidade e dos tempos de viagem. No caso da velocidade, os modelos da literatura
trabalham sob uma velocidade média durante um determinado arco ou introduzem aproximações com métodos de linearização por partes. Em relação aos
tempos de viagem, os atuais algoritmos de roteamento de veículos muitas vezes
reformulam a rede viária em um gráfico completo onde cada arco representa o
caminho mais rápido entre dois locais. Os resultados obtidos por esses métodos
divergem da realidade, principalmente para problemas de roteamento de arco
envolvendo serviços nos arcos de uma rede rodoviária. Por essas razões, definimos o Problema de Roteamento de Arco Capacitado Elétrico com tempos de
viagem dependentes do tempo e taxa de consumo de energia dependente da velocidade. Ao longo de um horizonte de planejamento, cada arco está associado
a uma função de velocidade passo a passo. O objetivo é atender um conjunto
de arcos que demandam serviços por meio de uma frota de EVs com carga e
capacidade de bateria limitadas, minimizando o tempo total de viagem. Além
disso, a taxa de consumo de energia por unidade de tempo percorrido é considerada uma função não linear baseada na velocidade. Propomos um algoritmo
de pré-processamento de consumo de energia de forma fechada sem aproximações. Nós o incorporamos em uma metaheurística Iterate Local Search e
comparamos o impacto no projeto de rotas com os veículos convencionais. / [en] With energy and environmental issues rising, electric vehicles (EVs)
will become an essential mode of transportation in logistics distribution. A
vital scenario to consider is the dependence of traffic congestion on vehicle
travel times, as it is common in urban areas today. This feature means that
the speed of an EV on each route may be distinct during different periods.
Because EVs have a limited driving range, various works in the literature have
proposed energy consumption models as a function of speed and aerodynamic
factors. However, their application remains limited and oversimplified due
to their dependence on speed and travel times. In the case of speed, the
models in the literature work under an average speed during a given arc or
introduce approximations with piece-wise linearization methods. Regarding
travel times, current vehicle routing algorithms often reformulate the road
network into a complete graph where each arc represents the quickest path
between two locations. The results obtained by these methods differ from
reality, particularly for Arc Routing Problems involving services on the arcs
of a road network. For these reasons, we define the Electric Capacitated Arc
Routing Problem with Time-dependent Travel times, and Speed-dependent
Energy Consumption Rate (E-TDCARP). Over a planning horizon, each arc
is associated with a step-wise speed function. Based on this function, a vehicle s
speed can change while traveling on a given arc. The objective is to serve a
set of arcs that require services through a fleet of electric vehicles with limited
load and battery capacity, minimizing the total travel time. Furthermore, the
energy consumption rate per unit of time traveled (ECR) is considered a nonlinear function based on speed. We propose a closed-form energy consumption
preprocessing algorithm without approximations. We embed it into an Iterate
Local Search metaheuristic (ILS) for E-TDCARP and compare the impact on
the design of routes between these alternative vehicles and conventional ones.
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The dynamics of microbial ferric and sulfate reduction in acidic mine lake sediments and their impact on water qualityPham, Huynh Anh January 2009 (has links)
[Truncated abstract] Acidic mine lakes are formed as a result of the oxidation and dissolution of metal sulfide minerals and are primarily characterized by low pH values of 2 4. Many strategies for the bioremediation of acidic mine lakes depend on the alkalinity generation capabilities of microbial ferric and/or sulfate reducing bacteria. However nearly all mine lakes are oligotrophic, with very low concentrations of available organic carbon and nutrients; all required for healthy microbial growth. There is also an unusual class of mine lakes characterized by low concentrations of organic carbon and also very low concentrations of dissolved iron and sulfate. Our ability to promote microbial activity in these systems is especially challenging. This study focuses on one of these systems, Lake Kepwari, a coal mine lake in Western Australia. Numerical modeling of remediation strategies is an efficient way of testing scenarios prior to expensive in-field trials. However such modeling relies on good descriptions of microbial processes, including kinetic parameterizations of ferric and sulfate reduction. There has been little research to date on the study of kinetic parameterizations of the chemical and biological alkalinity generation in acidic mine lakes. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate the viability of microbial ferric and sulfate reduction in an ultraoligotrophic, acidic mine lake, to assess the impact of these microbial processes on water quality and to parameterize the Dual Monod kinetics of neutralization under dual limitation conditions. Molecular analyses including most probable number, DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to examine the microbial communities in the lake sediments. ... The Monod maximum specific microbial growth rates with respect to dissolved organic carbon and ferric, and as determined in batch experiments, were 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.048 ± 0.02 day-1, respectively, and their corresponding Monod half saturation constants and were 14.37 and 5.6 mmol L-1. The Monod maximum consumption rates under ferric and OC limitation were also estimated. The Monod maximum specific microbial growth rates with respect to dissolved organic carbon and sulfate, , and were 0.05 ± 0.01, 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.07 ± 0.02 day-1, respectively, and their corresponding Monod half saturation constants, and were 75.5, 131.8 and 10.2 mmol L-1. The Monod maximum consumption rates under sulfate and OC limitation were also estimated. The results of this study suggest that strategies for the remediation of ultraoligotrophic, acidic mine lakes may rely on microbial ferric and sulfate reduction, however additions of both organic carbon and sulfate/ferric are essential. These results can be immediately applied to mesocosm studies in outdoor enclosures and to the management of acidic mine lakes. Furthermore, this thesis has provided a new, valuable understanding on the Dual Monod kinetic parameterizations of neutralization for an ultraoligotrophic, acidic mine lake environment. These parameterizations are essential for the lake ecological models that will be used to investigate remediation scenarios for acidic mine lakes.
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