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This thesis aims to apply the concept of the Ecological Footprint (EF) to examine the impact that the tourism industry has on the environment through energy consumption and also investigates patterns of energy-consuming behaviour among tourists and tourism businesses. EF is becoming an increasingly popular analytical tool in tourism studies. However, at present most attention has fallen on its value for studying tourism in international level. Moreover, very few studies have taken account of the influence of social factors when making EF calculations linked to tourism. As a consequence of these biases, there is currently a need for studies of tourism which take account of EFs at the destination level and how the behaviour of tourists and tourism businesses affects energy consumption at holiday destinations. This study addresses this gap by investigating the EF of energy-consuming behaviour linked to tourists and tourism businesses at a particular holiday destination, namely Koh Samui in Thailand, and also by exploring the factors which influence this kind of behaviour. The findings of this study show that most tourists rely on modes of transport which release high levels of CO2 (especially long haul flights). In the case of Thailand, a majority of tourists fly from Bangkok to Koh Samui and then use private cars to get around the island. Energy intensive electrical appliances such as air conditioning and tankless hot water heaters were widely used in accommodation, while beach activities, which generally have a low carbon footprint, attracted the largest numbers of tourists. It was also found that demographic factors, including travel behaviour and concern for the environment, influenced these kinds of behaviour in various ways. As regards different types of tourism business, in the accommodation sector hotels used the largest quantities of electricity while tour operators used more diesel and petrol than any other type of tourism business. Furthermore, it was also found that even though respondents who stayed in five-star hotels expressed the greatest level of concern for climate change, they still considered their own convenience and satisfaction to be their highest priorities. Tourism on Koh Samui consumed about 54.55 PJ of energy in 2007 and thus needed 3.41 gha of forest land to absorb the resulting CO2 emissions. Given that this figure exceeds the current world-average biocapacity of 1.8 gha, it can be stated that tourism on Koh Samui is currently unsustainable. This study highlights the relationship between the EF of tourism at a particular holiday destination and the energy-consuming behaviour of both tourists and tourism businesses. In this way, it is shown here that excessive energy consumption combined with a lack of effective energy management in the business sector can lead to the development of an unsustainable EF. In response to this finding, practitioners and policy-makers should consider ways of mitigating EFs linked to tourism.

This thesis considers India's pursuit of energy security. Defining energy security within traditional parameters of supply, delivery, diversification of fuels and suppliers, and affordable prices; the work considers India's energy security condition by surveying the core energy sectors including coal, oil and gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and renewables. India's pursuit of energy security is then disaggregated into domestic and international arenas and both are analysed in turn. Considerable attention is paid to the international dimension where India's quest to acquire energy resources is contextualised within bilateral relations with specific countries. What the proceeding analysis makes clear is that the international arena offers considerable opportunities, but also constraints on, the realisation of greater energy security. Chapter one analyses global trends in the main energy sectors of coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and renewables. Historically, the fortunes of the global energy sectors have mirrored trends in the global economy. Since 2008, most of the world's major industrialised economies have experienced negative or greatly reduced levels of growth. This is primarily due to the proliferation of vast quantities of debt that have capsized several financial institutions and are adversely affecting the liquidity and solvency of many developed governments. The global energy sectors have also been deeply affected by the economic downturn with access to funds for the development of new infrastructure squeezed. The recent poor economic growth of these countries has further accentuated the downward trend they have experienced in energy consumption. Nevertheless, many parts of the developing world, including India, have only been marginally affected by the global economic downturn and continue to develop rapidly. Consequentially most of the growth in demand for energy is coming from developing countries, particularly India. Although there are slight variations depending on sector, this dual trend of stagnation in the developed world and rapid growth in the developing is one ofthe recurring themes in the global energy markets. It is within this context that the second chapter considers India's energy security condition. Detailed analysis of the coal, oil, gas, hydroelectric and renewable sectors demonstrate succinctly that India is experiencing considerable growing pains. While several challenges are unique to each sector the chapter also identifies several systemic problems, including insufficient supply, rampant demand, a tendency to import.

The global requirement for sustainable energy provision will become increasingly important over the next fifty years as the environmental effects of fossil fuel use become apparent. Therefore, the issues surrounding integration of renewable energy supplies need to be considered carefully. The focus of this work was the development of a decision support framework that will aid the design of sustainable energy systems for the supply of electricity, heat, hot water and fuel for transportation. Issues requiring consideration in high percentage renewable energy systems include the reliability of the supply when intermittent sources of electricity are being used, and the subsequent necessity for storage and back-up generation. In order to allow the modelling of realistic integrated systems that supply the total energy needs of an area, the production of fuels derived from biomass and waste and their use in a variety of different plant types (e. g. vehicles, engines, turbines, fuel cells, electrolysers, heating and hot water storage systems) is an important consideration. The temporal nature of both intermittent electricity and derived fuel supplies must be taken into account in any analysis. Existing demand and supply matching software has been enhanced to allow the full analysis described. Generic algorithms have been developed to allow the behaviour of a comprehensive list of plant types and methods for producing derived fuels to be modelled, which require only available process and manufacturers' data. The program is flexible, generic and easy to use, allowing a variety of supply strategies to be analysed. This has been shown through the study of a small Scottish island, which highlights the importance of derived fuel production and use. This work has succeeded in developing a more complete tool for analysing the feasibility of integrated renewable energy systems. This will allow informed decisions to be made about the technical feasibility of supply mix and control strategies, plant type and sizing, suitable fuel production, and fuel and energy storage sizing, for any given area and range of supply options.

The present work is a contribution towards the integration of building simulation tools in order to better represent the complexity of the real world. It attempts to overcome certain shortfalls of contemporary simulation applications with respect to indoor air flows. As a result, the evaluation of building energy consumption and indoor air quality is expected to be improved. Advanced fluid flow models (as employed within Building Thermal Simulation - BTS - and Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD) with different degrees of detail were investigated and their modelling deficiencies identified. The CFD technique which defines the fluid flow on a micro scale was integrated into BTS in which fluid flow is described in a larger scale. The resulting combined approach strengthens the modelling potential of each methodology by overcoming their specific deficiencies. BTS's inability to predict air flow property gradients within a single space was surmounted and the difficult of estimating CFD boundary conditions are now supplied by BTS. The conflation approach is expected to be employed where gradients of indoor air flow properties can be considered crucial to the evaluation of thermal comfort and energy consumption. The BTS environment, ESP-r, was elected to perform the current work and a new CFD program, dfs, was specifically developed for the analysis of three-dimensional, turbulent, transient air flow. Finally, the two approaches were integrated. The integration work focuses on the CFD boundary conditions where the interactions of BTS and CFD take place; these occur at the inside zone surfaces and at the zone openings. Three conflation approaches were devised addressing different degrees of complexity and sophistication. The first one, involving the two types of zone boundaries, corresponds to a simple approach where the BTS and CFD systems exchange information without any direct interaction. The second approach consists of three other schemes to handle the thermal coupling at the internal zone surfaces. The third approach comprises coupling between the nodal network approach as employed by the BTS environment, and the continuity and momentum equations in the CFD technique. A validation methodology consisting of analytical validation, intermodel comparison and empirical validation is described and applied. The technique is shown to be adequate for modelling indoor air flows when compared to existing models. Three situations, covering the different types of air flows encountered within buildings are discussed to demonstrate the combined method's applicability when compared with the nodal network approach. Finally, general conclusions are presented and some possible future work is identified showing that the developed methodology is very promising.

Context : Big Data and Cloud Computing nowadays require large amounts of storage that are accessible by many servers. The Energy consumed by these servers as well as that consumed by hosts providing the storage has been growing rapidly over the recent years. There are various approaches to save energy both at the hardware and software level, respectively. In the context of software, this challenge requires identification of new development methodologies that can help reduce the energy footprint of the Distributed Storage System. Until recently, reducing the energy footprint of Distributed Storage Systems is a challenge because there is no new methodology implemented to reduce the energy footprint of the Distributed Storage Systems. To tackle this challenge, we evaluate the energy consumption of Distributed Storage Systems by using a Power Application Programming Interface (PowerAPI) that monitors, in real-time, the energy consumed at the granularity of a system process. Objectives : In this study we investigate the Energy Consumption of distributed storage system. We also attempt to understand the effect on energy consumption for various patters of video streams. Also we have observed different measurement approaches for energy performance. Methods : The method is to use a power measuring software library while a synthetic load generator generates the load i.e., video data streams. The Tool which generates the workload is Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Solution File Server (SPECsfs 2014) and PowerAPI is the software power monitoring library to evaluate the energy consumption of distributed storage systems of GlusterFS and Compuverde. Results : The mean and median values of power samples in mill watts for Compuverde higher than Gluster. For Compuverde the mean and median values until the load increment of three streams was around a 400 milliwatt value. The values of mean and median for the Gluster system were gradually increasing. Conclusions : The results show Compuverde having a higher consumption of energy than Gluster as it has a higher number of running processes that implement additional features that do not exist in Gluster. Also we have concluded that the conpuverde performed better for higher values of Load i.e., video data streams. / <p>Topic : Evaluating Energy Consumption of Distributed Storage Systems</p><p>Advisor: Dr. Dragos Ilie, Senior Lecturer, BTH</p><p>External Advisor: Stefan Bernbo,CEO, Compuverde AB</p><p>Student: Samuel Sushanth Kolli</p><p>The report gives a clear description of Distributed Storage Sytems and their Energy consumption with Performance Evaluation.</p><p>The report also includes the complete description and working of SpecSFS 2014 and PowerAPI Tool.</p> / Performance Evaluation of Distributed Storage Systems

Certain features of dynamic models of energy demand based on the economic theory of production are examined. Attention is mainly confined to first and third generation dynamic models. First generation models are partial adjustment models where energy Is treated largely in isolation from other inputs. Third generation models are based explicitly on dynamic economic optimization, incorporating the notion of costs of adjustment for quasi-fixed inputs. The analysis focusses on three main issues. The first is the characteristics of first generation models and how these models can be extended to the industrial sector. The second is the nature and empirical significance of alternative definitions of third generation models according to whether adjustment costs are treated as a function of net or gross investment. The third issue is whether first and third generation models are generically related and, if so, how. The work on first generation models is mainly confined to the Balestra-Nerlove framework. This specification generally has been applied to individual fuels in the residential/commercial sector but is also applied to aggregate residentidal energy demand and to industrial fuel demand. In terms of third generation models, recognition that adjustment costs may reflect not only net but also gross investment leads to a more complex model, with significant differences in the theoretical specification between net and gross investment formulations. These differences remain significant empirically. Application of the net and gross investment model specifications to Canadian data show that estimation of the simpler net investment version may well entail erroneous estimates of certain parameters. The energy functions of the first and third generation models are found to be generically related. The simplicity of a first generation model can under certain conditions be consistent with the richer, more complex framework of third generation models. However, empirical testing did not support the notion of treating a first generation energy function as tantamount to a reduced form specification of a third generation model.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overview of Germany's energy supply options until 2020, the political implications and the respective consequences for Germany's foreign energy policy. The oil and gas supply situation for Germany will become more complex in the upcoming decade. Since oil imports from the UK and Syria are expected to cease after 2005, 18% of the current oil supply will have to be substituted within this decade. Russia may not be available to provide the amount necessary. The gas situation is somewhat less urgent, as a supply shift will have to take place only after 2010, when the Norwegian and Dutch gas reserves cease to satisfy the export demand. The only regions that will be able to provide oil and gas on a global level to meet the growing world demand will be the Middle East, Russia and other Caspian Sea neighbors. Germany's welfare is directly dependent on its economical success. As a highly industrialized country, Germany should take a tremendous interest not only in the future development of the international energy market, but also in attempting to influence the development immediately following that of its domestic needs. / Lieutenant Commander, German Navy

Since the end of the Second World war, United Kingdom energy policy has been highly influenced by beliefs about the adequacy of indigeneous resources, security of supply and macro-economic objectives. Over the same period we observe a growing sophistication in the official projections of energy requirements both in terms of content and technique. An analysis of the methods and models used in the calculation of recent official projections of UK energy demand identifies a number of problems. These mainly concern the size of the price elasticity of energy demand employed in the sectoral models and the modelling of interfuel substitution particularly in the Domestic Sector market for space and water heating. A review of econometric studies of UK demand indicates that the price elasticities of energy demand employed in the Department of Energy models of sectoral energy demand are generally lower than the estimates reported elsewhere. In contrast, official estimates of the own price and cross price elasticities for individual fuels in the Other Industry Sector are broadly consistent with other econometric studies. However the body of work carried out in this area is found to have a number of shortcomings: (i) in general, the problem of autocorrelation has been dealt with inadequately and inappropriately, (ii) it has not been possible to distinguish long run and short run effects satisfactorily, (iii) it has not been possible to distinguish the independent influences of income and price satisfactorily, (iv) models of interfuel substitution have generally performed poorly in the Domestic Sector and (v) the impact of biased disembodied technical change has not been considered in most studies of interfuel substitution. A new study of energy demand in the Industrial and Domestic Sectors of the UK economy attempts to address these problems. The results are mixed. Well established techniques are used to detect and adjust the results for first order autocorrelation. Biases of technical change are estimated and in particular the Domestic Sector interfuel substitution model performs well. However the problem of modelling the dynamic structure of energy demand remains unresolved. In the Industrial Sector, cross section and time series data is pooled in order to distinguish the independent influences of output and price. While the resulting price and output elasticities conform to the values that we would expect a priori, the explanatory power of the model is low. In the Domestic Sector it is possible to develop a model of energy demand with a good predictive performance, however simulation experiments with the model show that the high frequency variation of the dependent variable is mostly explained by the exogeneous temperature variable which itself is difficult to predict. In contrast it is found that relatively simple relationships between overall primary energy demand and key economic and demographic variables can have surprisingly good forecasting properties. This probably arises because of the inertia of systems at this level of aggregation. A severe test is constructed for a number of single equation forecasting models. The parameters of the models are estimated on UK time series data from 1954 to 1973 then the results are used to generate forecasts of the dependent variables over the highly unstable period between 1974 and 1980. Several of the models provide very accurate predictions. The main purpose of the thesis is to assess recent official forecasts of UK energy demand. The single equation model which performs best in the forecasting test is used as a basis for generating projections to the year 2000. The results are compared with the latest official projections. It is found that the official forecasts imply a lower price elasticity than used in the single equation model, a similar relationship between the structural composition of GDP and aggregate energy demand while the implicit income elasticity is higher than our estimate under high fossil fuel price assumptions but lower when fossil fuel prices are assumed to be lower. The simple model yields very similar forecasts to the official projections for 2000 with the exception of one case. With regard to projections of final energy consumption in the year 2000, there are some areas of contention between the bulk of econometric evidence and the implications of the official forecasts but they are small. Most aspects of the fuel mix forecasts are broadly supported by the econometric evidence given the relative fuel price assumptions. It is concluded that the latest official projections represent a fairly realistic appraisal of the likely outcome of an interplay of market forces in the energy market.