Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2003. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 176 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Ketra L. Armstrong, College of Education. Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-166).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-83).

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Robert E. Looney, Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available online.

Background: Organic food became a popular topic in recent years. Even though organic markets are becoming larger than before, the organic fruit market is still a niche market around the world. Consumers’ purchasing intentions towards organic products are impacted by many factors. Purpose: The purpose of this research study is to investigate the customers’ purchasing behaviors with different food-related lifestyles in China and France. Method: A research model and four hypotheses alongside the study have been used after reviewing relevant literatures. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in China and France, which resulted in 261 completed and usable responses. Results: All hypotheses were accepted representing all the independent variables, which includes attitudes toward purchasing organic fruit, subjective norms, perceived control and food-related lifestyles, influencing purchase intentions. In terms of research questions, the results suggested that food-related lifestyles in different countries exhibited positive significant relationships with customers’ planned behavior.

Over the decades the concept of green consumption has been discussed with sustainable consumption, green behavior, eco-citizenship and sustainable patterns and lifestyles. Various environmental problems like global warming, pollution, shortage of natural resources and climate change threatened the sustainability of the environment and our survival. There is an increasing demand from scholars and society for the change of human behavior to help reduce the environmental impact. This study aims to investigate how supermarket influences the daily consumption in a sustainable way through the concept of green marketing in terms of green product management, green packaging, green promotion, green pricing, green logistics and green labeling. That means, a supermarket is not only a place to provide green products but also influence the culture of green consumption through the efforts of designing environmentally friendly facilities and strategies. In real life practice, there are constraints and challenges to encourage green consumption in the community. Through literature review, interview and surveys, the study investigates the kinds of products and facilities which have been used in Hong Kong supermarkets and consumers’ perception and knowledge of environmentally friendly products and services. Through exploration of overseas case studies, insights on common sustainable practices were identified and how overseas’ best practices can be adopted or modified in Hong Kong were discussed. The surveys with Wellcome/Three Sixty/MarketPlace by Jasons and the general public illustrate how supermarket can promote sustainable and green consumption in Hong Kong and the progress of achievement. The study ends with suggestions on how joint-efforts from the various stakeholders in the society can facilitate green consumption. These include public participation, green initiatives of supermarkets, price incentive, promotion and government’s support to encourage pro-environmental behavior. / published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

This study qualitatively examines the synergetic relationship between marketing communication, identity formation, and consumer behavior within the context of black and white males of the Millennial Generation. The sample consisted of 20 males between the ages of 18-29; ten self-identified as black and 10 self-identified as white. This project expands the knowledge base of consumption/identity research by incorporating intersectionality into the present body of consumer behavior work. A consumer’s identity project is far more complex than what is represented by current consumer behavior scholarship. Consumers must navigate multiple sites of identification that constantly shift in importance and involvement. To more closely reflect consumers in the flesh, this study incorporated multiple sites of identity projects into the analysis. By taking a more “true-to-life” approach to consumption/identity research, this project unearths new knowledge that is proximate to the lived experience of consumers. Consumer culture theory (CCT), a division of consumer research that moves the discussion of consumption behavior deep into the realm of cultural impact was used as the conceptual focus of this project. Autodriving was utilized to collect data. This form of photo elicitation involves the use of informants taking photos of a particular phenomenon and then “driving” the interview by discussing the photos they have taken. In the context of this study, informants were furnished a disposal camera and asked to photographically document representations of the following: achievement & success, morality, humanitarianism, nationalism, and freedom. Informants were strongly encouraged to also visually document anything that did not fit into the abovementioned categories but represented something they found particularly interesting or offensive. To examine the impact of marketing communication on the informants’ identity projects, print advertisements featuring different configurations of masculinity and manhood were explored. Three key themes emerged from the data. All informants used the marketplace to express values. The concept of identity elasticity was developed to explain the significant difference in identity potentiality between white and black informants. Many white and black informants shared the perception that they live in a post-racial society. However, the experience of a post-racial society was highly divergent based on racial formation. / text

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A need exists to obtain accurate, reliable and valid data to assess the external and internal loads of soccer matches, especially as it relates to South African soccer teams. Consequently, the objectives of this study were firstly to determine the fatigue rates and patterns of a cohort of university-level soccer players during matches when using global positioning system (GPS) to quantify the high-intensity running performances in rolling 5-min periods. Secondly, to determine the influence of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo- Yo IR1) determined training status of a cohort of university-level soccer players on fatigue patterns and rate during match play. Thirdly, to determine the positional-internal match loads of a cohort of university-level soccer players by making use of heart rates and the Yo-Yo IR1-determined threshold values. Lastly, to compare the match analysis results of different methods aimed at determining the external and internal match loads of a cohort of university-level soccer players. Selected groups of university-level soccer players (n = 10–13) were required to complete a 40-m maximum speed test and the Yo-Yo IR1 during a two-week period either before or after each analysed match. The heart rate (HR) values and GPS data of each player were recorded during league soccer matches. For the first and second objectives of the study players were categorised into three activity level categories (low, moderate and high) according to their activity levels of the first half of the match. Furthermore, their high-intensity running (> 3.7m/s) (HIR) was monitored in rolling 5-min periods. The low-activity group showed a small to moderate difference (p <0.05) in high-intensity running (HIR) at 5-min and 15-min after the peak period compared to the average 5-min period. The moderate-activity group showed a moderate difference (p <0.05) in HIR at 5-min after the peak period. The high-activity group showed moderate to large declines in distance covered between the first 15-min of the second half (103.9 m/min) compared to the first 15-min of the first half (122.5 m/min). They also showed small to moderate declines in HIR during the first 10-min of the second half (25.7 m/min) compared to the first half (34.1 m/min). The low-activity group showed a small decline in distance covered during the first 5-min of the second half (76.3 m/min) compared to the first half (87.7 m/min). Conversely the low-activity group showed a small to moderate increase in distance covered during the last 10-min of the second half (95.7 m/min) compared to the first half (84.4 m/min). The Yo-Yo IR1 was not significantly correlated with any of the variables associated with HIR. For the third objective of the study players’ heart rates that corresponded with the first and second ventilatory thresholds as obtained during a Yo-Yo IR1 were used to classify heart rates into low (LI HR zone), moderate (MI HR zone) and high-intensity zones (HI HR zone). Results showed that attackers spent more time in the LI HR zone (3386 s; 62%; p <0.05) than defenders (2155 s; 40%) and midfielders (2425 s; 42%). The attackers spent less time in the HI HR zone (260 s; 4%; p <0.05) than the defenders (964 s; 15%). Midfielders (2444 s; 44%) and defenders (2364 s; 41%) spent more time in the MI HR zone than attackers (1854 s; 44%). For the fourth objective of the study players’ individualised velocity and heart rate (HR) thresholds were determined from the 40-m maximum speed test and the Yo-Yo IR1. Results showed a large (r = 0.5; p ≤0.01) correlation between the time spent in the LIVZ (5017 ± 368 s) and the LI HR zone (2891 ± 1086 s), with the true correlation value that varied between moderate and large. Similarly, a moderate (r = 0.3; p ≤0.01) to large (r = 0.6; p ≤0.01) correlation was found between the relative (11.4 ± 3.7%) and absolute time (669 ± 223 s) spent in the MIVZ and the MI HR zone (41.0 ± 16.8% and 2253 ± 752 s). However, the true correlation value for the absolute time spent in the MI zone fell between the large to very large category, whereas the correlation for the relative time was small to moderate. There were no significant correlations (p ≤0.01) between the HIVZ and the HI HR zone. Although some correlations were found from the Spearman’s rank correlation, when adjusting for 2max O V• and Yo-Yo IR1 performance these correlations became non-significant. From these study results it is clear that the Yo-Yo IR1 and 40-m speed test show promise to be used as valid sports-specific field tests for determining ventilatory thresholds for each player, the heart rates that correspond to these thresholds and the different velocity thresholds. The authors therefore recommend that researchers use these methods in future to determine individualised HR and velocity zones in combination with the GPS analysis results to define both the internal and external match loads of soccer players. Results of these analyses could enable future coaches and sport scientists to develop match-specific conditioning programs that reflect both the internal and external demands of soccer matches / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A need exists to obtain accurate, reliable and valid data to assess the external and internal loads of soccer matches, especially as it relates to South African soccer teams. Consequently, the objectives of this study were firstly to determine the fatigue rates and patterns of a cohort of university-level soccer players during matches when using global positioning system (GPS) to quantify the high-intensity running performances in rolling 5-min periods. Secondly, to determine the influence of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo- Yo IR1) determined training status of a cohort of university-level soccer players on fatigue patterns and rate during match play. Thirdly, to determine the positional-internal match loads of a cohort of university-level soccer players by making use of heart rates and the Yo-Yo IR1-determined threshold values. Lastly, to compare the match analysis results of different methods aimed at determining the external and internal match loads of a cohort of university-level soccer players. Selected groups of university-level soccer players (n = 10–13) were required to complete a 40-m maximum speed test and the Yo-Yo IR1 during a two-week period either before or after each analysed match. The heart rate (HR) values and GPS data of each player were recorded during league soccer matches. For the first and second objectives of the study players were categorised into three activity level categories (low, moderate and high) according to their activity levels of the first half of the match. Furthermore, their high-intensity running (> 3.7m/s) (HIR) was monitored in rolling 5-min periods. The low-activity group showed a small to moderate difference (p <0.05) in high-intensity running (HIR) at 5-min and 15-min after the peak period compared to the average 5-min period. The moderate-activity group showed a moderate difference (p <0.05) in HIR at 5-min after the peak period. The high-activity group showed moderate to large declines in distance covered between the first 15-min of the second half (103.9 m/min) compared to the first 15-min of the first half (122.5 m/min). They also showed small to moderate declines in HIR during the first 10-min of the second half (25.7 m/min) compared to the first half (34.1 m/min). The low-activity group showed a small decline in distance covered during the first 5-min of the second half (76.3 m/min) compared to the first half (87.7 m/min). Conversely the low-activity group showed a small to moderate increase in distance covered during the last 10-min of the second half (95.7 m/min) compared to the first half (84.4 m/min). The Yo-Yo IR1 was not significantly correlated with any of the variables associated with HIR. For the third objective of the study players’ heart rates that corresponded with the first and second ventilatory thresholds as obtained during a Yo-Yo IR1 were used to classify heart rates into low (LI HR zone), moderate (MI HR zone) and high-intensity zones (HI HR zone). Results showed that attackers spent more time in the LI HR zone (3386 s; 62%; p <0.05) than defenders (2155 s; 40%) and midfielders (2425 s; 42%). The attackers spent less time in the HI HR zone (260 s; 4%; p <0.05) than the defenders (964 s; 15%). Midfielders (2444 s; 44%) and defenders (2364 s; 41%) spent more time in the MI HR zone than attackers (1854 s; 44%). For the fourth objective of the study players’ individualised velocity and heart rate (HR) thresholds were determined from the 40-m maximum speed test and the Yo-Yo IR1. Results showed a large (r = 0.5; p ≤0.01) correlation between the time spent in the LIVZ (5017 ± 368 s) and the LI HR zone (2891 ± 1086 s), with the true correlation value that varied between moderate and large. Similarly, a moderate (r = 0.3; p ≤0.01) to large (r = 0.6; p ≤0.01) correlation was found between the relative (11.4 ± 3.7%) and absolute time (669 ± 223 s) spent in the MIVZ and the MI HR zone (41.0 ± 16.8% and 2253 ± 752 s). However, the true correlation value for the absolute time spent in the MI zone fell between the large to very large category, whereas the correlation for the relative time was small to moderate. There were no significant correlations (p ≤0.01) between the HIVZ and the HI HR zone. Although some correlations were found from the Spearman’s rank correlation, when adjusting for 2max O V• and Yo-Yo IR1 performance these correlations became non-significant. From these study results it is clear that the Yo-Yo IR1 and 40-m speed test show promise to be used as valid sports-specific field tests for determining ventilatory thresholds for each player, the heart rates that correspond to these thresholds and the different velocity thresholds. The authors therefore recommend that researchers use these methods in future to determine individualised HR and velocity zones in combination with the GPS analysis results to define both the internal and external match loads of soccer players. Results of these analyses could enable future coaches and sport scientists to develop match-specific conditioning programs that reflect both the internal and external demands of soccer matches / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015