Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 282-288).

La conception d’un produit industriel requiert parfois des simulations afin de prédire le comportement du produit en question. En pratique ce type de simulations peut être réalisé en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis, cependant la précision et le niveau de détail souhaité génèrent des modèles difficiles à évaluer. En outre, le caractère itératif présent dans de nombreuses conceptions accentue le ralentissement induit par ces simulations couteuses en temps de calculs. Afin de pallier ce problème, une démarche de réduction de modèle est souhaitée par le partenaire industriel. Les grands axes de travail sur cette méthode sont : la recherche d’une haute compacité, la prise en compte de non-linéarités de grands déplacements et l’évaluation de l’amortissement dans les liaisons du système due au phénomène de contact-friction. / The mechanical design of a system involves many investigations, notably the validation of its structural behaviour over its operating frequency range. This kind of analysis can be numerically performed using the finite element method, however in such a context, the required accuracy and detail level imply models whose significant sizes lead to time consuming simulations. Moreover, the optimization process of such a system may request numerous validation computations that turn out extremely slow the design process. In the framework of this PhD we target a reduction methodology whose main features are: being compact, dealing with non-linear displacement and recovering the damping effects of the model joint due to the contact-friction phenomenon.

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Résumé : Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent à l'étude du comportement d'une discontinuité dans un géomatériau sous sollicitations chemo-mécaniques à l'échelle du laboratoire. Des essais de traction-compression cyclique étudient la refermeture d'une fissure. Ils indiquent que les déformations inélastiques seraient gouvernées en partie par les frottements générés lors du ré-emboîtement des lèvres de la discontinuité, non correspondantes du fait des contraintes internes. Des joints rocheux altérés chimiquement sous sollicitation tangentielle sont étudiés au travers d'essais de cisaillement direct : le comportement des joints dégradés est profondément modifié du fait de la diminution des propriétés mécaniques du matériau de part et d'autre de la discontinuité et de l'accentuation de la non-correspondance des profils rugueux. Le comportement d'une discontinuité est modélisée par le couplage d'un modèle élasto-plastique endommageable continu avec une résolution discrète du problème de contact/frottement (code calcul aux éléments finis Cast3M). Les résultats numériques confirment les phénomènes constatés expérimentalement.//Abstract: To probate the technology of CO[indice inférieur 2] geological storage, the integrity of the site must be assure over time. This industruial problematic involves the study of the mechanical properties alteration of geomaterials in the presence of CO[indice inférieur 2]. The scenario at the origin of this thesis illustrates the possibility of a CO[indice inférieur 2] leakage on a fault located in the caprock. This geological problem is complicated by the many parameters to consider: in situ temperature and pressure, scale effect, heterogeneities of the geomaterial, geofluide composition, chemical reactions ... These works focus on the behavior of a discontinuity in a geomaterial solicited chemomechanically at the laboratory scale. They were realised in cotutelle between SIAME laboratory at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour (France) and the laboratory of rock mechanics and engineering geology from the University of Sherbrooke (Quebec, Canada). The first part of the experimental program was defined to characterize the reclosing of a crack under cyclic uniaxial stress. The second experimental campaign has studied the shear behavior of a rock joint chemically degraded. The data obtained were used to model the behavior of a discontinuity by the finite element method. The mechanical behavior of a crack under normal stress is assessed with cyclic tension-compression tests. Stress curve showed hysteresis during opening and closing cycles of a discontinuity in concrete, it indicated inelastic deformations The analysis of displacement field by image correlation indicated that theses deformations were partially governed by the friction generated during the closing of the discontinuity lips. Frictional phenomena are due to asperities mismatching induced by the internal stresses in the concrete. The shear behavior of a rock joint chemically damaged was studied through direct shear tests. Rough surfaces were immersed in acid solution during 6 hours at constant pH. Digitalization of these surfaces befor and after immesion, with a lase profilometer, indicates little modifications of the geometry induced by dissolution of material. Results of tests pointed out significant modifications for altered joints illustred by a of the peak shear strength and an increased of contractancy. They are induced by: 1) the mismatch enhancement of the rough profiles of the discontinuity and, 2) the degradation of the mechanical properties of the material on both sides of the discontinuity due to the chemical attack. Numerical contribution of the thesis lies in modeling the behavior of a discontinuity by the coupling of an continuous elastic-plastic damaged model with a discrete resolution of the contact/friction problem. The model is developed with the finite element code Cast3M. Geometries lips discontinuities are modeled directly from the roughness profiles from experimental scans. The numerical results correctly represent the friction phenomena observed experimentally. Finally, a model of the shear test altered joints is performed by coupling the mechanical model with chemical damage model.

Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent à l'étude du comportement d'une discontinuité dans un géomatériau sous sollicitations chemo-mécaniques à l'échelle du laboratoire. Des essais de traction-compression cyclique étudient la refermeture d'une fissure. Ils indiquent que les déformations inélastiques seraient gouvernées en partie par les frottements générés lors du ré-emboîtement des lèvres de la discontinuité, non correspondantes du fait des contraintes internes. Des joints rocheux altérés chimiquement sous sollicitation tangentielle sont étudiés au travers d'essais de cisaillement direct : le comportement des joints dégradés est profondément modifié du fait de la diminution des propriétés mécaniques du matériau de part et d'autre de la discontinuité et de l'accentuation de la non-correspondance des profils rugueux. Le comportement d'une discontinuité est modélisée par le couplage d'un modèle élasto-plastique endommageable continu avec une résolution discrète du problème de contact/frottement (code calcul aux éléments finis Cast3M). Les résultats numériques confirment les phénomènes constatés expérimentalement. / This PhD dissertation presents a study aiming at a better understanding of cracks behavior in a geomaterial. The study focuses on the behavior of discontinuities under chemo-mechanical solicitations at the laboratory scale. The mechanical behavior under normal stress is assessed with cyclic tension-compression tests. Experimental data indicate that the inelastic deformations could be partially governed by the friction generated during the closing of the discontinuity lips, and the asperities mismatch is related to the internal stresses. The shear behavior of a rock joint chemically degraded was studied through direct shear tests. Results pointed out significant modifications for altered joints induced by: 1) the mismatch enhancement of the rough profiles of the discontinuity and, 2) the degradation of the mechanical properties of the material on both sides of the discontinuity due to the chemical attack. These experimental results have been used as input data to model the behavior of a discontinuity by the coupling of a continuous elastic-plastic damaged model with a discrete solving of the contact/friction problem. The simulations performed under Cast3M correctly represent the phenomena observed during the experimental testing program.

R??sum?? : Ces travaux de th??se s'int??ressent ?? l'??tude du comportement d'une discontinuit?? dans un g??omat??riau sous sollicitations chemo-m??caniques ?? l'??chelle du laboratoire. Des essais de traction-compression cyclique ??tudient la refermeture d'une fissure. Ils indiquent que les d??formations in??lastiques seraient gouvern??es en partie par les frottements g??n??r??s lors du r??-embo??tement des l??vres de la discontinuit??, non correspondantes du fait des contraintes internes. Des joints rocheux alt??r??s chimiquement sous sollicitation tangentielle sont ??tudi??s au travers d'essais de cisaillement direct : le comportement des joints d??grad??s est profond??ment modifi?? du fait de la diminution des propri??t??s m??caniques du mat??riau de part et d'autre de la discontinuit?? et de l'accentuation de la non-correspondance des profils rugueux. Le comportement d'une discontinuit?? est mod??lis??e par le couplage d'un mod??le ??lasto-plastique endommageable continu avec une r??solution discr??te du probl??me de contact/frottement (code calcul aux ??l??ments finis Cast3M). Les r??sultats num??riques confirment les ph??nom??nes constat??s exp??rimentalement.//Abstract: To probate the technology of CO[indice inf??rieur 2] geological storage, the integrity of the site must be assure over time. This industruial problematic involves the study of the mechanical properties alteration of geomaterials in the presence of CO[indice inf??rieur 2]. The scenario at the origin of this thesis illustrates the possibility of a CO[indice inf??rieur 2] leakage on a fault located in the caprock. This geological problem is complicated by the many parameters to consider: in situ temperature and pressure, scale effect, heterogeneities of the geomaterial, geofluide composition, chemical reactions ... These works focus on the behavior of a discontinuity in a geomaterial solicited chemomechanically at the laboratory scale. They were realised in cotutelle between SIAME laboratory at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour (France) and the laboratory of rock mechanics and engineering geology from the University of Sherbrooke (Quebec, Canada). The first part of the experimental program was defined to characterize the reclosing of a crack under cyclic uniaxial stress. The second experimental campaign has studied the shear behavior of a rock joint chemically degraded. The data obtained were used to model the behavior of a discontinuity by the finite element method. The mechanical behavior of a crack under normal stress is assessed with cyclic tension-compression tests. Stress curve showed hysteresis during opening and closing cycles of a discontinuity in concrete, it indicated inelastic deformations The analysis of displacement field by image correlation indicated that theses deformations were partially governed by the friction generated during the closing of the discontinuity lips. Frictional phenomena are due to asperities mismatching induced by the internal stresses in the concrete. The shear behavior of a rock joint chemically damaged was studied through direct shear tests. Rough surfaces were immersed in acid solution during 6 hours at constant pH. Digitalization of these surfaces befor and after immesion, with a lase profilometer, indicates little modifications of the geometry induced by dissolution of material. Results of tests pointed out significant modifications for altered joints illustred by a of the peak shear strength and an increased of contractancy. They are induced by: 1) the mismatch enhancement of the rough profiles of the discontinuity and, 2) the degradation of the mechanical properties of the material on both sides of the discontinuity due to the chemical attack. Numerical contribution of the thesis lies in modeling the behavior of a discontinuity by the coupling of an continuous elastic-plastic damaged model with a discrete resolution of the contact/friction problem. The model is developed with the finite element code Cast3M. Geometries lips discontinuities are modeled directly from the roughness profiles from experimental scans. The numerical results correctly represent the friction phenomena observed experimentally. Finally, a model of the shear test altered joints is performed by coupling the mechanical model with chemical damage model.