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The tangential contact stiffness for ground Ti-6Al-4V surfaces is measured to linearly decrease with the application of tangential load. At the beginning of the application of tangential load, for ground surfaces, the ratio of the tangential contact stiffness to the normal contact stiffness is seen to be approximately half the Mindlin ratio. This is consistent with many other published experimental studies. Measurements of normal contact stiffness for ground surfaces conform to a model that posits a linear relationship between normal contact stiffness and normal load. An equivalent surface roughness parameter is defined for two surfaces in contact; and the normal contact stiffness for ground surfaces is observed to be inversely proportional to this parameter. Single asperity models were constructed to simulate the effect of different frictional laws and plasticity on the tangential displacement of an asperity contact. Further, multi-asperity modelling showed the effect of different normal load distributions on the tangential behaviour of interfaces. In addition, normal contact stiffness was modelled for a grid of asperities taking into account asperity interactions. A receding contact problem for which the required form of the distributed dislocations is bounded-bounded was solved. Then, a fundamental 2D frictional receding contact problem involving a homogeneous linear elastic infinite layer pressed by a line load onto a half-plane of the same material was analysed. This was done by the insertion of preformed distributed dislocations (or eigenstrains), which take into account the correct form of the separation of the interface at points away from the area of loading, along with corrective bounded-bounded distributions. The general method of solution was further refined and adapted to solve three other receding contact problems. The solutions demonstrated the robustness and applicability of this new procedure.

Sistemas de freio automotivos são frequentemente suscetíveis a gerarem ruídos de alta frequência como resultado de uma vibração autoexcitada. Este fenômeno é genericamente nominado squeal noise e constitui o tema de diversos estudos publicados com o intuito de identificar e descrever seu mecanismo de excitação e de propor alternativas para evitar sua ocorrência. Um ponto fundamental que ainda não foi completamente explorado sobre a geração de tal fenômeno constitui-se da relação entre as propriedades do material de fricção e a propensão à ocorrência de squeal noise. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um número adimensional obtido através de análise dimensional (teorema de Buckingham) capaz de relacionar a ocorrência de squeal noise as quatro principais propriedades dos compósitos de fricção: dureza, tamanho de partícula e concentração do abrasivo utilizado na formulação, além de sua compressibilidade. Resultados experimentais foram obtidos a partir de ensaios desenvolvidos com seis diferentes materiais de fricção nos quais a concentração ou dureza ou tamanho de partícula foi alterada de modo a oportunizar a identificação do impacto destas variáveis sobre a ocorrência de squeal noise. A ocorrência de ruídos foi verificada através da aplicação de um método de ensaio em dinamômetro inercial especialmente desenvolvido a um conjunto de amostras dos materiais de fricção moldados a pastilhas de freio e aplicados a um sistema de freio a disco convencional. Os resultados obtidos validaram o número adimensional proposto (índice de excitação 2) na medida em que foi possível estabelecer sua relação com a ocorrência de ruídos verificada experimentalmente através de uma equação logarítmica (R²=0,9). Foi estabelecida também uma relação entre o aumento do coeficiente de atrito, em função da redução da velocidade de escorregamento, e o aumento da ocorrência de squeals. Uma breve investigação a respeito da relevância da rigidez de contato sobre o comportamento vibroacústico do sistema de freio também é conduzida, tendo sido demonstrado que o aumento da magnitude desta propriedade reduz a ocorrência de ruídos do tipo squeal. / Automotive brake systems are very often susceptible to generate high frequency noise as a result of a self excited vibration. This phenomenon is generically nominated brake squeal noise and is the subject of many studies which intend to identify and describe its exciting mechanism and to propose counter measures to avoid its occurrence. One key subject yet to be explored about squeal noise generation is the relation between friction material properties and its occurrence propensity. This work presents the development of an adimentional number obtained by dimensional analysis (Buckingham theorem) capable to relate the squeal noise occurrence with four main properties from the friction composite: abrasive hardness, particle size and concentration and also its compressibility. Experimental results were obtained by testing six different friction material formulations, in which the concentration of abrasive or its hardness or its particle size was altered in order to explore the impact of these variables on the squeal noise occurrence. The noise generation was accessed by testing the friction materials molded to brake pads using a standard disc brake system in an inertial dynamometer under a specially developed test procedure. The obtained results validated the proposed adimentional number (excitation index 2) since was possible to establish a logarithmic equation (R²=0,9) relating it to the squeal noise occurrence verified on the conduced tests. It was also established a relation between the friction coefficient increase, as a function of the sliding speed reduction, with the increase on squeal noise occurrence. A brief investigation about the relevance of the contact stiffness to the vibroacustic behavior of the brake systems was developed, showing that higher values of this property can reduce the squeal noise generation.

Sistemas de freio automotivos são frequentemente suscetíveis a gerarem ruídos de alta frequência como resultado de uma vibração autoexcitada. Este fenômeno é genericamente nominado squeal noise e constitui o tema de diversos estudos publicados com o intuito de identificar e descrever seu mecanismo de excitação e de propor alternativas para evitar sua ocorrência. Um ponto fundamental que ainda não foi completamente explorado sobre a geração de tal fenômeno constitui-se da relação entre as propriedades do material de fricção e a propensão à ocorrência de squeal noise. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um número adimensional obtido através de análise dimensional (teorema de Buckingham) capaz de relacionar a ocorrência de squeal noise as quatro principais propriedades dos compósitos de fricção: dureza, tamanho de partícula e concentração do abrasivo utilizado na formulação, além de sua compressibilidade. Resultados experimentais foram obtidos a partir de ensaios desenvolvidos com seis diferentes materiais de fricção nos quais a concentração ou dureza ou tamanho de partícula foi alterada de modo a oportunizar a identificação do impacto destas variáveis sobre a ocorrência de squeal noise. A ocorrência de ruídos foi verificada através da aplicação de um método de ensaio em dinamômetro inercial especialmente desenvolvido a um conjunto de amostras dos materiais de fricção moldados a pastilhas de freio e aplicados a um sistema de freio a disco convencional. Os resultados obtidos validaram o número adimensional proposto (índice de excitação 2) na medida em que foi possível estabelecer sua relação com a ocorrência de ruídos verificada experimentalmente através de uma equação logarítmica (R²=0,9). Foi estabelecida também uma relação entre o aumento do coeficiente de atrito, em função da redução da velocidade de escorregamento, e o aumento da ocorrência de squeals. Uma breve investigação a respeito da relevância da rigidez de contato sobre o comportamento vibroacústico do sistema de freio também é conduzida, tendo sido demonstrado que o aumento da magnitude desta propriedade reduz a ocorrência de ruídos do tipo squeal. / Automotive brake systems are very often susceptible to generate high frequency noise as a result of a self excited vibration. This phenomenon is generically nominated brake squeal noise and is the subject of many studies which intend to identify and describe its exciting mechanism and to propose counter measures to avoid its occurrence. One key subject yet to be explored about squeal noise generation is the relation between friction material properties and its occurrence propensity. This work presents the development of an adimentional number obtained by dimensional analysis (Buckingham theorem) capable to relate the squeal noise occurrence with four main properties from the friction composite: abrasive hardness, particle size and concentration and also its compressibility. Experimental results were obtained by testing six different friction material formulations, in which the concentration of abrasive or its hardness or its particle size was altered in order to explore the impact of these variables on the squeal noise occurrence. The noise generation was accessed by testing the friction materials molded to brake pads using a standard disc brake system in an inertial dynamometer under a specially developed test procedure. The obtained results validated the proposed adimentional number (excitation index 2) since was possible to establish a logarithmic equation (R²=0,9) relating it to the squeal noise occurrence verified on the conduced tests. It was also established a relation between the friction coefficient increase, as a function of the sliding speed reduction, with the increase on squeal noise occurrence. A brief investigation about the relevance of the contact stiffness to the vibroacustic behavior of the brake systems was developed, showing that higher values of this property can reduce the squeal noise generation.

Sistemas de freio automotivos são frequentemente suscetíveis a gerarem ruídos de alta frequência como resultado de uma vibração autoexcitada. Este fenômeno é genericamente nominado squeal noise e constitui o tema de diversos estudos publicados com o intuito de identificar e descrever seu mecanismo de excitação e de propor alternativas para evitar sua ocorrência. Um ponto fundamental que ainda não foi completamente explorado sobre a geração de tal fenômeno constitui-se da relação entre as propriedades do material de fricção e a propensão à ocorrência de squeal noise. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um número adimensional obtido através de análise dimensional (teorema de Buckingham) capaz de relacionar a ocorrência de squeal noise as quatro principais propriedades dos compósitos de fricção: dureza, tamanho de partícula e concentração do abrasivo utilizado na formulação, além de sua compressibilidade. Resultados experimentais foram obtidos a partir de ensaios desenvolvidos com seis diferentes materiais de fricção nos quais a concentração ou dureza ou tamanho de partícula foi alterada de modo a oportunizar a identificação do impacto destas variáveis sobre a ocorrência de squeal noise. A ocorrência de ruídos foi verificada através da aplicação de um método de ensaio em dinamômetro inercial especialmente desenvolvido a um conjunto de amostras dos materiais de fricção moldados a pastilhas de freio e aplicados a um sistema de freio a disco convencional. Os resultados obtidos validaram o número adimensional proposto (índice de excitação 2) na medida em que foi possível estabelecer sua relação com a ocorrência de ruídos verificada experimentalmente através de uma equação logarítmica (R²=0,9). Foi estabelecida também uma relação entre o aumento do coeficiente de atrito, em função da redução da velocidade de escorregamento, e o aumento da ocorrência de squeals. Uma breve investigação a respeito da relevância da rigidez de contato sobre o comportamento vibroacústico do sistema de freio também é conduzida, tendo sido demonstrado que o aumento da magnitude desta propriedade reduz a ocorrência de ruídos do tipo squeal. / Automotive brake systems are very often susceptible to generate high frequency noise as a result of a self excited vibration. This phenomenon is generically nominated brake squeal noise and is the subject of many studies which intend to identify and describe its exciting mechanism and to propose counter measures to avoid its occurrence. One key subject yet to be explored about squeal noise generation is the relation between friction material properties and its occurrence propensity. This work presents the development of an adimentional number obtained by dimensional analysis (Buckingham theorem) capable to relate the squeal noise occurrence with four main properties from the friction composite: abrasive hardness, particle size and concentration and also its compressibility. Experimental results were obtained by testing six different friction material formulations, in which the concentration of abrasive or its hardness or its particle size was altered in order to explore the impact of these variables on the squeal noise occurrence. The noise generation was accessed by testing the friction materials molded to brake pads using a standard disc brake system in an inertial dynamometer under a specially developed test procedure. The obtained results validated the proposed adimentional number (excitation index 2) since was possible to establish a logarithmic equation (R²=0,9) relating it to the squeal noise occurrence verified on the conduced tests. It was also established a relation between the friction coefficient increase, as a function of the sliding speed reduction, with the increase on squeal noise occurrence. A brief investigation about the relevance of the contact stiffness to the vibroacustic behavior of the brake systems was developed, showing that higher values of this property can reduce the squeal noise generation.

For efficient transportation in either trains, busses or passenger cars, rolling elements such as wheels, tyres, bearings and transmission elements are fundamental. The energy efficiency and the generation of noise and vibrations in rolling contacts depend on the surface roughness of contacting bodies. In order to optimize the surfaces of rolling elements, prediction of its impact on the dynamic response from rolling excitation is required. A computationally efficient method to include surface roughness in the modelling of rolling contacts is presented. More specifically, nonlinear effects on the contact force due to the threedimensional shape and roughness of the contacting surfaces are introduced in a moving point force formulation. As a consequence of the point force approximation follows the assumption that any dynamic wave motion within the contact area is negligible.The rolling contact force is nonlinear due to a varying relative displacement between contacting bodies and is therefore referred to as state-dependent. A study case for the state-dependent method consisting of a steel ball rolling on a steel beam showed good agreement between numerical predictions and measured beam vibrations. Furthermore, an application to the wheel-rail interaction show that roughness-induced contact nonlinearities have a significant impact on the dynamic response caused by rolling excitation. / <p>QC 20141103</p> / ECO2 Vehicle Design

In manufacturing of paper and paperboard, optimized fiber usage has crucial importance for process efficiency and profitability. Dry strength of paper is one of the important quality criteria, which can be improved by adding dry strength additive that affect fiber to fiber bonding. This study is using the micromechanical simulations which assist interpretation of the experimental results concerning the effect of strength additives. A finite element model for 3D dry fiber network was constructed to study the effect of bond strength, bond area and the number of bonds numerically on the strength of paper products. In the network, fibers’ geometrical properties such as wall thickness, diameter, length and curl were assigned according to fiber characterization of the pulp and SEM analyses of dry paper cross-section. The numerical network was created by depositing the fibers onto a flat surface which should mimic the handsheet-making procedure. In the FE model, each fiber was represented with a number of quadratic Timoshenko beam elements where fiber to fiber bonds were modelled by beam-to-beam contact. The contact model is represented by cohesive zone model, which needs bond strength and bond stiffness in normal and shear directions. To get a reasonable estimate of the bond stiffness, a detailed finite element model of a fiber bond was used. Additionally, the effect of different fiber and bond geometries on bond stiffness were examined by this model since the previous work [13] indicated that the bond stiffness can have a considerable effect on dry strength of paper. The network simulation results show that the effect of the strength additive comes through improving the bond strength primarily. Furthermore, with the considered sheet structure, both the fiber bond compliance and the number of bonds affect the stiffness of paper. Finally, the results of the analyses indicated that the AFM measurements of the fiber adhesion could not be used directly to relate the corresponding changes in the bond strength. The fiber bond simulation concluded that fiber wall thickness has the most significant effect on the fiber bond compliance. It was also affected by micro-fibril orientation angle, bond orientation and the degree of pressing.

Predictive models of structures containing frictional joints presently suffer from poor descriptions of interface behaviour at the joints. This thesis aims to address this shortfall by furthering the physical understanding of parameters affecting interface behaviour such as friction and contact stiffness. Aspects of friction and contact stiffness relevant to the characterisation of fretting joints are investigated by a combined modelling and experimental approach. Friction and wear behaviour in gross-slip fretting are investigated by in-line and rotational fretting tests. New 3D topography parameters are found to be useful in the analysis of surfaces during fretting. Wear-scar shape is found to be dependent on material. A phenomenon whereby friction increases during the gross-slip phase of individual cycles is found to be due to wear-scar interaction primarily through the interference of local features distributed over the contact area. These features are similar in size to the applied fretting stroke. A simple model to explain the behaviour is put forward which shows that wear-scar shape determines the form of the friction variation. A finite-element (FE) model of the interaction of an elastic-plastic asperity junction is used to predict sliding friction coefficients. The modelling differs from previous work by: permitting greater asperity overlaps, enforcing an interface shear strength, and allowing material failure. The results are also used to predict friction coefficients for a stochastic rough surface. The magnitudes of the predicted friction coefficients are generally representative of experimental measurements. Results suggest that friction arises from both plasticity and tangential interface adhesion. Contact stiffness is studied for both fretting and non-fretting. A technique to isolate the true interface stiffness from results derived from load-deflection data is developed by comparing experimental and FE results. In the fretting wear case, comparison of tangential contact stiffness results in the literature with FE results reveals an interface whose compliance dominates the response to the extent that stiffness is proportional to contact area. In fretting tests such as this, wear debris is thought to be a factor contributing to high interface compliance. Non-fretting experiments performed here show that, at higher pressures, interface domination is reduced as the contact approaches the smooth case. Experiments are performed where contact stiffness is measured simultaneously by both ultrasound and digital image correlation. The effect of normal and tangential loading upon the contact stiffness (normal and tangential) is investigated. Experimental evidence showing that ultrasound measures an ‘unloading’ stiffness while DIC measures a ‘loading’ stiffness is obtained for the case of tangential loading where the ‘DIC stiffness’ decreases with increasing tangential load whereas the ‘ultrasound stiffness’ remains approximately constant. On average, ultrasound gives magnitudes 3.5 and 2.5 times stiffer than the DIC results for the normal and tangential stiffness cases, respectively. The difference in magnitudes can largely be physically explained, and is relatively small considering the significant differences between the techniques. Therefore, both methods can claim to give valid measurements of contact stiffness – though each has its own limitations which are outlined herein.

This work focuses on efficient modelling and adaptive control of friction damping in bladed disks. To efficiently simulate the friction contact, a full-3D time-discrete contact model is reformulated and an analytical expression for the Jacobian matrix is derived that reduces the computation time drastically with respect to the classical finite difference method. The developed numerical solver is applied on bladed disks with shroud contact and the advantage of full-3D contact model compared to a quasi-3D contact model is presented. The developed numerical solver is also applied on bladed disks with strip damper and multiple friction contacts and obtained results are discussed. Furthermore, presence of higher harmonics in the nonlinear contact forces is analyzed and their effect on the excitation of the different nodal diameters of the bladed disk are systematically presented. The main parameters that influence the effectiveness of friction damping in bladed disks are engine excitation order,  contact stiffnesses,  friction coefficient, relative motion at the friction interface and the normal contact load. Due to variation in these parameters during operation, the obtained friction damping in practice may differ from the optimum value. Therefore, to control the normal load adaptively that will lead to an optimum damping in the system despite these variations, use of magnetostrictive actuator is proposed. The magnetostrictive material that develops an internal strain under the influence of an external magnetic field is employed to increase and decrease the normal contact load. A linearized model of the magnetostrictive actuator is used to characterize the magnetoelastic behavior of the actuator.  A nonlinear static contact analysis of the bladed disk reveals that a change of normal load more than 700 N can be achieved using a reasonable size of the actuator. This will give a very good control on friction damping once applied in practice. / <p>QC 20170310</p> / TurboPower

<div>Roll-to-roll processes provide a low-cost and high-throughput scheme for scalable flexible devices manufacturing. Multiple processes are used in roll-to-roll manufacturing, such as functional printing, evaporation/drying, UV curing, hot embossing, laser/heat annealing, laser ablation, plasma/ chemical growth, and sputtering. These processes change the web temperature field and/ or local properties. In addition, residual stresses by the process and web tension can destabilize the process and lead to wrinkling or undesirable performance of the products.</div><div>This dissertation investigates three different multi-physics problems relevant to the roll-to-roll processes, which are web thermomechanics, air-coupled web vibrations, and the measuring of nonuniform web tension. First, a mathematical model for predicting the in-plane temperature and heat induced stress distributions in a flexible, axially moving web under arbitrary shape of heat flux is presented. The computational approach is validated on experiments performed on moving paper and PET webs with infrared laser heating source. Second, a closed-form, semi-analytical, universal hydrodynamic functions is developed to accurately predict the lowest symmetric and anti-symmetric transverse frequency responses for any uniaxially tensioned web of arbitrary material and aspect ratio used in roll-to-roll processes with the surrounding air acting as distributed added mass. Experimental validation is carried out by using pointwise laser measurements of acoustically excited webs with different pre-tensions, web materials, and aspect ratios. Finally, we develop and test a non-contact resonance method and a gentle contact stiffness mapping method based on the first principles mechanical models of a tensioned plate to accurately measure the average web tension and its linear variation for a wide range of web properties, web path, web tension, measurement configurations, and environmental conditions. The two methods are cross-validated on a stationary test stand and the non-contact resonance method is used to study the web tension distribution within a commercial roll-to-roll system.</div><div><br></div>