ABSTRACT APPLICATION OF NON-MARKET ECONOMIC VALUATION METHOD TO VALUE THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN MONETARY TERMS: A CASE STUDY IN YOZGAT PROVINCE Horasanli, Erol M.Sc., Department of Environmental Engineering Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Emre ALP December 2010, 100 pages Determining environmental economic benefits of geothermal energy is difficult since there is no market for all environmental goods and services related to it. In order to determine and measure the market price of non-market goods and services, non-market valuation methods are used. Since intangible benefits do not have monetary values, non-market valuation techniques are applied to estimate them. Non-market valuation methods are important tools for policy makers in the cost and benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment process to aid their final decision. In this study, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to determine the environmental benefits of using geothermal energy for house heating instead of fossil fuels and natural gas in Yozgat (center). The willingness to pay for geothermal energy of the Yozgat residents was determined and underlying motivations to use geothermal energy were assessed. The results showed that the mean willingness to pay (WTP) for the usage of geothermal energy in house heating to increase air quality and mitigate the effects v of climate change is $50/person/month. The results also showed that respondents know the importance of the climate changes and they believe that geothermal energy usage will affect the mitigation of climate changes positively. The geothermal energy investment in the region will amortize itself in 3 years. Therefore, in the feasibility studies, geothermal energy investment seems feasible. During the regression analyses, climate change and air pollution parameters were the most significant parameters for the calculation of mean WTP. Since, decrease in air pollution using geothermal energy, will also mitigate the effect of climate changes, during the geothermal investment in the region, training activities and campaigns should be carried to cover the issues of climate change and global warming to emphasis that geothermal energy will serve for multi-dimensional environmental problems.

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Ecosystem services constitute a precondition for human welfare and survival. This concept has also become increasingly popular among both scientists and policymakers. Several initiatives have been taken to identify and value ecosystem services. Several services are threatened, and it has been concluded that in order to better manage ecosystem services they need to be further investigated and valued. By measuring them using a common metric—monetary value—they can be more easily compared and included in decision-making tools. This thesis contributes to this goal by presenting values for several ecosystem services and also including them in decision-making tools. Starting with a discussion of the concept of ecosystem services, this thesis aims to present values for certain ecosystem services and to illustrate the use of these values in systems-analysis tools such as cost-benefit analyses (CBA) and a weighting set. Links between ecology, economics and policy are discussed within a broader framework of ecosystem services. Five papers are included, in which two contingent valuation studies (CV) have been used to find values for different ecosystem services. One valuation study is focused on the effects from tributyltin (TBT) in Swedish marine waters. In addition, a quantitative assessment framework has been developed in order to simplify analysis of environmental status, progress in environmental surveillance and the relevance of different measures. It is suggested that the framework should also be used when assessing the impacts of other substances affecting the environment. The second valuation study investigates the risk of an oil spill in northern Norway. The results have been included in two CBAs and a weighting set. The first CBA compares costs for remediation of polluted sediments, caused by TBT, with the benefits of reducing TBT levels. The second CBA compares costs and benefits for reducing the probability of an oil spill. The weighting set includes monetary values on a number of impact categories where marine toxicity is based on the valuation study on TBT.  One study also examines the inclusion of environmental costs in life cycle costing (LCC) in different sectors in Sweden. Results show that respondents consider ecosystem values to be important. The values of Swedish marine waters and coastal areas outside Lofoten-Vesterålen in Norway have been identified and quantified in terms of biodiversity, habitat, recreation and scenery. In the Norwegian case, an ongoing debate on the issue of oil and gas exploration has had an impact on the number of protest bids found in the study. Based on the cost and benefits of limiting impacts on ecosystem services derived from the valuation studies, CBAs show that the suggested measures are most likely beneficial for society, and the results contribute to policy recommendations. A weighting set has been updated with new values through value transfer. The weighting set is compatible with LCA. The final study shows that companies and public organisations use environmental costs (internal and external) in a limited manner. In this thesis the ecosystem service concept is used both as an introduction and a guiding thread for the reader, as a way to frame the studies undertaken. The concept of ecosystem services can be useful, as it emphasises the importance of the services to humans. By finding and presenting values of ecosystem services, such services are more easily incorporated into decision-making. / <p>QC 20141121</p>

A contingent valuation study was done to investigate the value of Fijian reefs by households in the Metro Atlanta area. Individuals were surveyed and asked questions about their Willingness-to-Pay for coral reef conservation, personal views on the scope/magnitude of coral reef problems, and experience around ocean related activities as well as knowledge. Results from this data, find individuals would donate on average $0.18 taking into account sample and response bias. Less conservative estimates calculated contributions per person to equal $13.9 for the conservation of Fijian reefs. These results imply Atlanta, which is very distant from Fiji, has the potential to contribute to Fijian coral reef conservation programs. Although little empirical work exists on valuation measure for reefs of non-users and groups distant to reefs, this study suggests nonprofits and developing countries could benefit from the inclusion or previously excluded (due to distance to reefs) participants. The study discusses donor characteristics as well as possible market strategies these organizations could utilize to maximize revenue. Findings from this work highlight two important issues rarely discussed in the policy literature: 1-the use of non-market valuation methods to identify stakeholders and 2-the effects of distance on use and non-use value ultimately impacting conservation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T14:41:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaBAA_DISSERT.pdf: 1764620 bytes, checksum: 054479552af058811657b501569cbe17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aimed to identify the disposal for paying for the recovery/preservation of Apodi-Mossoró river. This purpose, accentuated by the large number of existing pollutants in the river, based on the understanding that this occurs due to the direct and indirect use of the river Apodi-Mossoró, believing in a co - participation of the entire local society. In this sense, we used a tool of neoclassical microeconomic theory, specifically of environmental economics, and among the several methods of environmental economic valuation that this theoretical branching works, opting for the use of the contingent valuation method, it is based on the revelation of consumer preferences and seeks to capture the maximum provision or reserve price, reflecting a cost-benefit analysis. Its choice was also linked to the ability to trap heat method of option and existence, by simulation of a hypothetical market, since there is no specific market for biodiversity values and environmental quality of a river. The work now composed will be developed through a dense literature review, mainly economic value of the environment since it is not trivial and therefore needs to be understood. Later, in the application of the pilot research, were made some adjustments in the questionnaire and then the final search was performed with 300 questionnaires, 150 were applied to the riverside and 150 population with the general population of the city. As tools for collecting, there were semi-structured and with easy language objective questions covering economic, social environmental data among others. The collected data were compiled and analyzed using statistical software performing multiple linear regression and applying the logit model, resulting in three demand functions for three different scenarios (general population sample, population and distant population around the river) for recovery/preservation of river Apodi-Mossoró, the observed pattern was consistent with that estimated in the three scenarios, thus validating the research. The average estimated disposal to pay by the general population was R$ 20.49. The monthly total economic value was R$ 5.323.609,35 and an annual amount of R$ 63.888.331,22. In this sense, this result confirms the preferences revealed the importance of environmental good for the city of Mossoró, which in part was willing to pay for the restoration and preservation of the natural resource population. From the learning provided by the application of the interviews was reached the following conclusion: the decision to contribute depends mainly on income, which acts as a limiting factor and decision-making, especially for the local population who had this as the main explanatory variable of willingness to fundamentador pay / A presente pesquisa objetivou identificar a disposição a pagar da população pela preservação/recuperação do rio Apodi-Mossoró. Finalidade essa acentuada pelo grande número de poluentes existentes no rio, partindo do entendimento que este ocorre em função do uso direto e indireto do rio Apodi-Mossoró, acreditando em uma co-participação de toda a sociedade local. Neste sentido, utilizou-se uma ferramenta da teoria microeconômica neoclássica, especificamente da economia ambiental, e entre os diversos métodos de valoração econômica ambiental que esta ramificação teórica trabalha, optando-se pela utilização do método de valoração contingente, o mesmo é baseado na revelação das preferências dos consumidores e busca capturar a disposição máxima, ou preço de reserva, refletindo uma análise custo-benefício. Sua escolha também estava atrelada à capacidade do método capturar valor de opção e existência, via simulação de mercado hipotético, já que não existe mercado específico para os valores da biodiversidade e qualidade ambiental de um rio. O trabalho ora composto se desenvolveu por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica densa, principalmente valor econômico do meio ambiente, visto que não é corriqueiro e, portanto necessita de ser compreendido. Posterior à aplicação de pesquisa piloto foram feitos alguns ajustes no questionário e em seguida foi executada a pesquisa final, na qual foram aplicados 300 questionários, 150 com a população ribeirinha e 150 com a população em geral do município. Como instrumentos de coleta, teve-se questões objetivas semi-estruturadas de fácil linguagem que abrangiam os dados socioeconômicos, ambientais entre outros. Os dados coletados foram compilados e analisados por meio de software estatístico realizando regressão linear múltipla e aplicando o modelo logit, tendo como resultado três funções de demanda para três cenários distintos (população geral da amostra, população distante e população próxima do rio) pela recuperação/preservação do rio Apodi-Mossoró, o modelo observado foi compatível com o estimado nos três cenários, validando assim a pesquisa. A disposição média a pagar estimada da população geral foi de 20,49. O valor econômico total mensal foi de R$ 5.323.609,35 e um valor anual de R$ 63.888.331,22. Neste sentido, tal resultado confirma as preferências revelada a importância do bem ambiental para população do município de Mossoró, que em parte se dispôs a pagar pela recuperação e preservação do recurso natural. A partir do aprendizado proporcionado pela aplicação das entrevistas, foi possível chegar à seguinte conclusão: a decisão de contribuir depende principalmente da renda, na qual atua como fator limitador e decisório, principalmente para a população ribeirinha, que teve essa variável explicativa como principal fundamentador de sua disposição a pagar

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2763.pdf: 2681165 bytes, checksum: 7237b8c3b1ff40a69103153b0c034e41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-26 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The purpose of this work is to evaluate, according to the population s perception, the benefit to the environment by treating the sanitary sewers flowing into the Limoeiro stream located in Presidente Prudente, in the state of Sao Paulo. It is sometimes difficult to place a value on natural resources and this research attempts to develop a method to place a value to this particular natural resources, the Limoeiro stream. By making it possible to have a base of common comparison, the financial value, provides a justification for investments in environment conservation projects. With this objective, the contingent valuation method was used to evaluate the natural resource which investigated the disposition of the population to pay for this process in two types of scenarios. In the first scenario, which presents the legal view of the conservation, determined that it would be R$ 5,12 with 95% of entrust and a plus or minus 10% margin of error. In the second scenario, which presents the ideal view of the water course conservation would be R$ 7,35 also showing a 95% entrust and a plus or minus 10% margin of error. A period of 30 years was stipulated and the global liquid present value between R$ 9.126.914,16 to R$ 16.011.288,26 with a discount tax of 12% of the capital. / O presente trabalhou teve por objetivo valorar, conforme a percepção da população, o ganho de qualidade ambiental produzido pelo tratamento dos esgotos sanitários no curso de água córrego Limoeiro, município de Presidente Prudente, estado de São Paulo. Os recursos naturais não têm seu valor estipulado pelo mercado, sendo assim, necessita-se de outros meios, como a presente pesquisa, para contribuir no sentido de valorar os recursos naturais, sendo então possível ter uma base de comparação comum, qual seja, o valor financeiro, para justificar investimentos e projetos na área da conservação ambiental. Com esse objetivo, de valorar o recurso natural, utilizou-se o método de valoração contingente que buscou captar a disposição a pagar (DAP) da população para dois Cenários. No Cenário que atendia a disposição legal foi captada uma DAP per capta da ordem de R$ 5,12, com 95% de confiabilidade e uma margem de erro de 10% para mais ou para menos. No Cenário que atingia a situação ideal de conservação do curso de água a DAP per capta captada foi de R$ 7,35, também com 95% de confiabilidade e uma margem de erro de 10% para mais ou para menos. Foi estipulado um período de 30 anos e o valor presente líquido global encontrado está na faixa de R$ 9.126.914,16 a R$ R$ 16.011.288,26, para uma taxa de desconto do capital de 12% ao ano.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T14:49:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1383319 bytes, checksum: 8e230d379bae996554049d30f522759d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The government's offer for urban mobility has been focused on providing fluidity to private vehicles, which have higher costs to the environment and human health, while public transport has been neglected to low quality of services and inefficiency. The purpose of this research was to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the benefits resulting from improvements in urban mobility through a hypothetical market: supply transport arrangements BRT and LRT. This study sought to fill the absence of economic parameters related to the benefits from improvements in mobility, coupled with the prospect of Marketing in the public interest. In this research, with a descriptive character, it was applied a survey for the feasibility of contingent valuation method for environmental or public goods, whose data allowed to estimate the average amount paid per household and the total value the good and its benefits have for the residents of João Pessoa. The sample of 854 questionnaires administered in the field and online indicated, by a model estimated by beta regression, a value of R$ 47.84 paid through a surcharge on the Brazilian property tax (IPTU), a high value which represents 18% of average paid in 2012 . The total value of the good was estimated at R$ 10.2 million, close to the tax of waste collection raised in 2011, which means that the population is aware of the benefits to be gained, although this amount was limited by the lack of trust in the management of public resources and protest votes. / A oferta governamental para a mobilidade urbana tem sido focada em propiciar fluidez aos veículos particulares, que possuem maiores custos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana, enquanto que os transportes públicos têm sido relegados à baixa qualidade dos serviços e ineficiência. O propósito desta pesquisa foi estimar a Disposição a Pagar (DAP) pelos benefícios decorrentes de melhorias em mobilidade urbana, através de um mercado hipotético: a oferta das modalidades de transporte BRT e VLT. Este trabalho buscou suprir ausência de parâmetros econômicos relacionados aos benefícios provenientes de melhorias na mobilidade, aliado à perspectiva do Marketing em favor do interesse público. Nesta pesquisa, de caráter descritivo, foi aplicado um survey para a viabilização do método de valoração contingente de bens públicos ou ambientais, cujos dados possibilitaram estimar o valor médio pago por residência e o valor total que o bem e seus benefícios têm para os moradores de João Pessoa. A amostra de 854 questionários, aplicados em campo e online, indicou, através de um modelo estimado por meio da regressão beta, um valor de R$ 47,84 pagos através de um adicional no IPTU, um valor elevado, que representa 18% da média paga em 2012. O valor total do bem foi estimado em R$ 10,2 milhões, montante próximo ao arrecadado pela TCR em 2011, o que significa que a população está ciente dos benefícios a serem adquiridos, apesar desta quantia ter sido limitado pela falta de confiança na gestão dos recursos públicos e votos de protesto.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-02T22:21:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Bruna Maria Faria Batista.pdf: 1511949 bytes, checksum: 46c2b0bcd6a51db0cce03254a336c775 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-05-16T15:15:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Bruna Maria Faria Batista.pdf: 1511949 bytes, checksum: 46c2b0bcd6a51db0cce03254a336c775 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T15:15:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Bruna Maria Faria Batista.pdf: 1511949 bytes, checksum: 46c2b0bcd6a51db0cce03254a336c775 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / CAPES / Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral realizar a valoração socioeconômica dos serviços e benefícios ambientais prestados pelo Campus da UFMT a comunidade urbana como área de lazer e recreação. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou se na aplicação de entrevistas realizadas aos finais de semana (Sábados e Domingos) no período de abril a dezembro de 2012, contendo questões objetivas e questões abertas. Para valoração monetária dos serviços e benefícios ambientais foi aplicado o método de valoração contingente. O Campus apresenta uma frequência média diária aos finais de semana de aproximadamente 3.000 pessoas. A maioria dos frequentadores é do sexo feminino com idade entre 20 e 39 anos, casados, com ensino médio completo, são trabalhadores da iniciativa privada, com rendas que variam de 1 a 2 salários mínimos. Uma das atividades mais desenvolvidas é a prática da caminhada seguida pela visita ao zoológico. Mais da metade dos entrevistados (52%) livremente aceitou contribuir para conservação e manutenção do Campus. O valor médio da disposição a pagar dos entrevistados foi de R$ 3,07/visitante e o valor monetário total anual do Campus calculado pelo método de valoração contingente é de R$ 3.172.648,06. Conclui se que o Campus apresenta características de área de lazer e recreação conferida pela população ao longo do tempo. / This work has as main objective to perform the socioeconomic valuation of environmental services and benefits provided by the UFMT campus as urban area of leisure and recreation. The methodology is based - on the application of interviews on the weekend (Saturday and Sunday) from April to December of 2012, containing objective and open questions. For monetary valuation of environmental services and benefits, we applied the Contingent valuation method (CVM). The Campus has an average daily attendance on the weekend of about 3,000 people. Most of the regulars visitors are men, aged from 20 to 39 years, married, had completed high school, works on private sector workers, with rents ranging from 1 to 2 minimum salaries. The principal activity is the practice of walking followed by visit to the zoo. More than half of respondents (52%) accept to pay for the preservation and maintenance of the Campus. The average willingness to pay of respondents was R$ 3.07/visitor and the annual monetary value of the Campus calculated by the contingent valuation method is R$ 3,172,648.06. We conclude that the campus has characteristics of area of leisure and recreation supported by the population over time.

Det är känt att modeindustrin har ett stort anspråk på miljön, men trots det finns det inga fungerande lösningar på problemet i dagsläget. Ett sätt att komma till bukt med problemet äratt låta konsumenten miljökompensera vid köptillfället. Den här studien undersöker konsumenters inställning till en frivillig miljökompensation vid klädköp. Liknande studier har gjorts tidigare, då på flygresenärers vilja att frivilligt klimatkompensera för koldioxidutsläpp. Det har därför varit av intresse att testa liknande undersökningsmetod på konsumenter imodeindustrin. Tidigare forskning har konstaterat att ett flertal variabler är betydande för konsumentens vilja göra grönare konsumtionsval. Detta har mynnat ut i fyra hypoteser som testar hur konsumenters attityd till miljökompensation, upplevda konsumenteffektivitet, upplevda miljökunskap samt kön korrelerar med viljan att miljökompensera. Studien har även undersökt hur konsumenternas vilja att kompensera påverkar det ekonomiska värdet som konsumenten sätter på miljöproblemen kopplade till klädproduktion. Undersökningen bygger på 225 enkätsvar från studenter vid en medelstor svensk högskola. Resultaten från studien visar på signifikanta samband mellan flera av de förklarande variablerna och viljan att delta i frivillig miljökompensation. Den genomsnittliga kompensationsnivån uppgår till halva plaggets försäljningspris, vilket är en uppseendeväckande siffra. Respondenternas preferenser visar även att miljökompensationen bör fördelas lika över olika projekt för bättre miljö. / Although it’s known what footprint the global fashion industry has, few solutions have effectively managed to tackle the problem. One solution is to let the consumer participate in avoluntary environmental offset. This study investigates what variables affecting the consumer’s willingness to participate in such offset. Similar studies on air travelers’ voluntarycarbon offset have been done before. It’s therefore of interest to use the same preference method on consumers of the fashion industry. Previous research present a number of independent variables affecting the willingness to participate in voluntary offset. This study uses four hypotheses to explain consumers’ stated preferences. These include attitudes, perceived consumer effectiveness, perceived ecoliteracy and gender. The study uses a contingent valuation method to explain how the willingness to participate correlates with the hypothetical value of the voluntary environmental offset. An online survey was conducted and included data of 225 respondents. The results show significant correlations among several of the independent variables and the willingness to participate in voluntary environmental offset. The average value of offset reached about half the selling price of a simulated garment, which is staggering. The respondents’ preferences on how the money from the offset should be allocated tell of an equal share among projects for a better environment. The study is a bachelor thesis written in Swedish.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate tourism capacity, the effectiveness of the management plan and the visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for increased conservation effort in the Buccoo Reef Marine Park (BRMP) in Tobago. Non-market contingent valuation was applied to estimate tourists’ WTP, using the data from a survey of 164 tourists. Local residents and government agencies were consulted to evaluate the management plan and the tourism capacity. Eighty-eight percent of local residents stated that the park was not well managed and that they lacked trust in the park agency. The density of tourists was 67-97% more than socially acceptable crowding norm. The tourists were willing to pay an additional entry fee of US$11.72 per person, which would generate additional revenue for the park management. In conclusion, the BRMP management needs modification in order to increase stakeholders’ trust, reduce tourists crowding intensity, and generate additional user-based revenue.